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91.
92.
In this article, we study the effects of prenatal health on educational attainment and on the reproduction of family background
inequalities in education. Using Finnish birth cohort data, we analyze several maternal and fetal health variables, many of
which have not been featured in the literature on long-term socioeconomic effects of health despite the effects of these variables
on birth and short-term health outcomes. We find strong negative effects of mother’s prenatal smoking on educational attainment,
which are stronger if the mother smoked heavily but are not significant if she quit during the first trimester. Anemia during
pregnancy is also associated with lower levels of attained education. Other indicators of prenatal health (pre-pregnancy obesity,
mother’s antenatal depressed mood, hypertension and preeclampsia, early prenatal care visits, premature birth, and small size
for gestational age) do not predict educational attainment. Our measures explain little of the educational inequalities by
parents’ class or education. However, smoking explains 12%—and all health variables together, 19%—of the lower educational
attainment of children born to unmarried mothers. Our findings point to the usefulness of proximate health measures in addition
to general ones. They also point to the potentially important role played by early health in intergenerational processes. 相似文献
93.
We analyze the impact on US tourist flows to Israel of variations in both the actual intensity of the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict and the intensity implicit in US television news coverage. Conditional on actual events, changes in reported conflict
intensity could influence tourists because alternative sources of information are costly; this explanation is consistent with
a rational choice model. However, television news could influence tourist behavior because of its emotional impact, or because
it causes the conflict to be brought to mind more readily, increasing the subjective probability of conflict events. We find
that tourists respond to variations in actual Israeli casualties and reported Palestinian casualties; both effects are large. Reports of Israeli casualties and unreported Palestinian casualties have
no significant impact on tourist flows. These asymmetries are consistent with asymmetric information costs within a rational
choice framework, but are more difficult to square with the alternative explanations for media influence.
相似文献
David FieldingEmail: |