Size matters: vegetation patch size and surface temperature relationship in foothills cities of northwestern Argentina

Urbanization is one of the most extreme forms of land alteration. Energy fluxes are severely affected and cities tend to have the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, although vegetated areas inside cities could have a positive effect in mitigating UHI effect. Our main objective was to analyze the relationship between vegetation characteristics, patch size and land surface temperature (LST) in three urban areas of northwestern Argentina. We selected 38 green spaces of different size distributed in four cities, all located in the eastern foothills of the subtropical mountain forests. We used Landsat TM satellite images to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST. We assessed the net effect of patch size on LST by computing a Difference Temperature Index. At the regional scale, our results showed that vegetation patch size had a direct effect on reducing the LST of the green space. At a local scale, the analysis of the relationship between vegetation on urban green spaces and LST along a gradient of urbanization showed that green spaces with more vegetation tends to reduce LST. The results showed that largest green spaces were between 1.5 and 2.8 °C cooler than the surrounding built. In order to mitigate the UHI effect in cities, larger green spaces appear to be a possible solution.     

MEASURING SUBUNIT EFFECTIVENESS

The literature suggests that a multivariate approach to the measurement of effectiveness is preferred. The present study uses a policy-capturing methodology to examine effectiveness criteria and their importance weightings for various subunits in a manufacturing organization. Effectiveness criteria and their weightings were found to vary across individual subunits. The models developed for major groupings of subunits were found to have reasonable predictive power. Finally, the predictive power of these general models varied with the degree of goal similarity among the subunits in the grouping. Useful applications of the results for managerial decisions are explored.     

On Inventory Abatement via Manufacturing Randomness Reductions*

Under a continuous improvement framework, the policy of abating inventory via reductions in manufacturing randomness is considered. To explore this policy, a model of a real-world production-inventory system is developed, tested, and studied. The results suggest that manufacturing randomness reductions, even substantial ones, may not necessarily lead to inventory abatement, and paradoxically may lead sometimes to an inventory increase. In these cases, however, manufacturing randomness reductions will translate into higher customer service levels.     

The Standard of Living of the Workers in a Spanish Industrial Town: Wages,Nutrition, Life Expentancy and Heigth in Alcoy (1870–1930)

This is the first study that empirically examines how migration influences migrants’ time use patterns in China, utilizing a mixed-method approach. We systematically estimate the migration effects on weekly hours on working, leisure, personal care and domestic responsibilities, based on data from the nationally representative 2010 Chinese Family Panel Studies. We then supplement these analyses with in-depth interviews conducted in Beijing to further understand the underlying mechanisms. Compared with urban locals, rural-to-urban migrants have longer work hours and less leisure time. The largest differences are found among men. On average, migrant men work 5 h longer and have 7 fewer hours of leisure per week than urban local men. These differences are moderated by migrants’ and their parents’ socioeconomic status, and their family responsibilities. The in-depth interviews reveal that the busier work schedules are largely motivated by the transient nature of most rural-to-urban migration and the overwhelming economic pressures for household establishment and career development.     

Perception of health,well-being,and quality of life in female caregivers: Comparative study of a sample of adult and older women in Spain

In a study on informal or unpaid care, it is difficult to identify the consequences and effects of care provision on the caregiver’s daily life. Thus, it is important to analyze the perceptions of the individual caregiver. This study describes the perceptions of health, well-being, support networks, and quality of life of 13 women aged between 45 and 70 years after completing an intervention program. The data indicate that caregivers’ health and quality of life worsen with the intervention, and their well-being and social relations (through new technologies) improve.     

Incidence of postpartum anaemia and risk factors associated with vaginal birth

Background

Postpartum anaemia is a frequent and potentially preventable complication that has serious repercussions on health and maternal well-being.

Validation of the Subjective Well-Being in Couple Relationship Scale (SWCR)

This article presents the Subjective Well-being in Couple Relationship Scale (SWCR), aiming to develop a useful instrument for professional practice which contains the main dimensions to assess in a couple relationship. The sample was composed of 620 participants from Spain. 48.4% were between 18–31 years old and 51.6% 32 or older. Most of them were single (54%), lived with their partner (66.1%) and had no children (57.9%). To study the factorial structure of the scale, the sample was divided into three subsamples: an exploratory factor analysis was performed on the first subsample; a confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the second subsample, correlating measurement errors and applying the resulting model on the third subsample to perform a cross-validation. Results provide a 19-item scale with good reliability (α?=?.84) and validity made up of six factors with appropriate reliability indices.     

Les conditions de travail dans le secteur tourné vers l'exportation du nord du Maroc: du cadre juridique à l'expérience vécue

Les entreprises exportatrices de produits manufacturés et de services implantées dans le nord du Maroc se caractérisent par une grande flexibilité, une main‐d'?uvre sous pression, étroitement encadrée, et la remise en question de certains droits au travail. Les auteurs examinent cette situation à partir du modèle théorique de l'«économie mondiale localisée», en tenant compte du type de l'entreprise, de la branche d'activité et de la catégorie professionnelle. Ils montrent que la réforme du marché du travail de 2004, qui visait à rendre la réglementation marocaine conforme aux conventions internationales, a eu pour effet de renforcer encore la position des sociétés transnationales.     

A new look at the inverse Gaussian distribution with applications to insurance and economic data

Insurance and economic data are often positive, and we need to take into account this peculiarity in choosing a statistical model for their distribution. An example is the inverse Gaussian (IG), which is one of the most famous and considered distributions with positive support. With the aim of increasing the use of the IG distribution on insurance and economic data, we propose a convenient mode-based parameterization yielding the reparametrized IG (rIG) distribution; it allows/simplifies the use of the IG distribution in various branches of statistics, and we give some examples. In nonparametric statistics, we define a smoother based on rIG kernels. By construction, the estimator is well-defined and does not allocate probability mass to unrealistic negative values. We adopt likelihood cross-validation to select the smoothing parameter. In robust statistics, we propose the contaminated IG distribution, a heavy-tailed generalization of the rIG distribution to accommodate mild outliers. Finally, for model-based clustering and semiparametric density estimation, we present finite mixtures of rIG distributions. We use the EM algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the mixture and contaminated models. We use insurance data about bodily injury claims, and economic data about incomes of Italian households, to illustrate the models.