西方人类学电影史述评

在人类学理论史和纪录电影史背景下,本文对西方人类学电影的历史作了梳理。着重评价自活动摄影机诞生以来出现的人类学电影主要潮流及其代表性人物和作品,并且对摄影机技术的发展对影片制作和作品风格的影响给予关注。     

加快推进现代农业发展对策的探讨

通过几年的探索,我市现代农业建设取得了明显成效。但我市发展现代农业还存在不少问题和薄弱环节,只有找准薄弱环节、克服不利因素、解决突出问题,才能够加快现代农业发展步伐,扎实推进社会主义新农村建设。     

IMPLICIT OPTIMAL AND HEURISTIC LABOR STAFFING IN A MULTIOBJECTIVE,MULTILOCATION ENVIRONMENT*

This paper presents a tractable set of integer programming models for the days-off scheduling of a mix of full- and part-time employees working α to β days/week (cycle) in a multiple-objective, multiple-location environment. Previous models were formulated to specifically schedule part-time employees working either two or three days per week. These models were intractable because they required complete employee schedule information. The new models are deemed implicit optimal since they are required to supply only essential information. While the number of variables in previous models is an exponential increasing function of β-α, the size of three of the new models is independent of α and β. The first three models developed here (as in [18]) deal with the trade-offs between idle time, the number of employees required to work at multiple “locations,” and the size of the total labor pool. The inherent flexibility of the implicit modeling approach is illustrated by the presentation of various modifications of the basic models. These modifications permit the use of preference weights on the number of employee work days/week (cycle) or the minimization of payroll costs where differential pay rates exist. These latter models may also be formulated such that idle time is ignored, constrained or minimized. The execution time for the implicit models (on a CDC CYBER 730 computer with commercially available software) averaged well under five seconds on 1200 trial problems for the type of application considered in [18]. A solution was obtained in less than 46 seconds of CPU time for a trial problem which would have required over 1.4 million integer variables with previous models. The availability of optimal solutions was invaluable in the development of two heuristics designed to deal with the trade-offs of [16]. In an experimental analysis a previous heuristic produced results which averaged from 74 to 508 percent above optimum across six experimental conditions. The comparable new heuristic produced results which averaged from 3 to 8 percent above optimum for the same experimental conditions. The paper concludes by developing a framework to integrate the results of this research with the tour scheduling problem and by identifying several other areas for related research.     

DETERMINING THE APPROPRIATE DISCOUNT RATES IN PURE CAPITAL RATIONING

This paper proposes an interpretation of the pure capital rationing problem as it is faced by many managers in decentralized firms in which budgets serve as the principal means of control. It is argued that the appropriate objective for situations such as these is the maximization of either undiscounted earnings over the planning horizon or total value of the investments at the horizon. When either objective function is used in conjunction with the frequently encountered linear programming models for the capital rationing problem, shadow prices result which give rise to discount rates that will reproduce the optimal solution using discounted cash flow as a criterion. These results are then used as a means for clarifying several confusing and misleading statements that have appeared in the literature.     

社会学关于现代社会管理和社会建设的理论

加强社会建设,改善社会管理,是我国社会改革的重要战略部署,为这一战略部署提供理论支持则是社会实践给社会学提出的新要求.本文以现代西方社会学思想体系为背景,对其中关于社会管理和社会建设的论说和理论进行了梳理,认为,无论从历史还是现状看,无论是从理论还是应用看,社会学都是社会管理和社会建设研究的主力军.从广义上讲,全部社会学理论和思想的核心使命就是研究和解释社会管理和建设实践及其过程,就是为其提供科学知识和思想工具.     

论中国古代艺术散文与诗歌的审美差异性

以实践本体论为理论基础,可以把中国古代艺术散文与诗歌在审美形式上的区别归纳为三点:在思维和创作方法上,艺术散文重在体物而赋形,诗歌偏于缘情而立象;在文本上,诗歌强调情调,散文强调智慧和趣味;两者之所以不同,是由诗歌与散文作为中国文人不同的存在方式而决定的,也是由诗歌纵情和艺术散文任性的内在本质决定的.     

坚持哲学社会科学与自然科学并举并重推进“重要职责”与"第一要务”全面落实

作为人类历史发展最终决定力量的生产力,本身就是自然力与社会力的有机统一.它所客观固有的这一内在本质,既决定了解放、发展社会生产力,尤其是推动先进生产力,必须实行哲学社会科学技术与自然科学技术的并举、并重,又决定了培育、提高先进主体生产力,必须实行哲学社会科学素质和才能与自然科学素质和才能的并举、并重.只有同时坚持这两个并举、并重,我们党代表中国先进生产力发展要求必须始终履行的“重要职责”和"第一要务”,才能得到全面落实.     

Corporate Reputation and Women on the Board

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of corporate reputation, derived from the assessments of managers and market analysts, of a sample of large UK firms. Along with the influences of a variety of firm attributes, we find a reputational effect associated with a female presence at board level. This effect varies across sectors and demonstrates the influence of a firm's stakeholder environment in determining whether a female presence on the board enhances or harms the reputation of the firm. The pattern that emerges indicates that the presence of women on the board is favourably viewed in only those sectors that operate close to final consumers. We argue that the nature of this effect reflects an imperative for equality of representation that highlights the need to reflect gender diversity among customers.     

Civil Society Organisations in Research: A Literature-Based Typology

This article explores literatures from various sources to highlight and understand differences among key players surrounding the perceived nature and role of civil society in research from different literature streams. Including Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in research activities is an integral part of a broad drive towards integration of science and society. Interest in CSO inclusion in research is widespread, but lacks a coherent focus and clarity on what CSOs are. Without this clarity, CSO-inclusive research, or policy, may be ineffective. This article addresses this gap in knowledge by presenting findings from an exploration of academic, policy and research project literature in order to come to a view on CSOs in research. This culminates in a typology of CSOs and provides a means of identifying types of CSOs. The typology shows four main types of CSO (common cause, shared voice, research-oriented, commercially oriented) and provides a definition for each type, along with a basis for the definition; an example of each; some typical terminology; typical area of activity; properties; typical mission; key areas of interest and their ‘action logic’ in research.     

A Bayesian approach to non-parametric monotone function estimation

Summary.  The paper proposes two Bayesian approaches to non-parametric monotone function estimation. The first approach uses a hierarchical Bayes framework and a characterization of smooth monotone functions given by Ramsay that allows unconstrained estimation. The second approach uses a Bayesian regression spline model of Smith and Kohn with a mixture distribution of constrained normal distributions as the prior for the regression coefficients to ensure the monotonicity of the resulting function estimate. The small sample properties of the two function estimators across a range of functions are provided via simulation and compared with existing methods. Asymptotic results are also given that show that Bayesian methods provide consistent function estimators for a large class of smooth functions. An example is provided involving economic demand functions that illustrates the application of the constrained regression spline estimator in the context of a multiple-regression model where two functions are constrained to be monotone.