试析抗战胜利前夕苏联的对华政策

综观抗战胜利前夕苏联的对华政策 ,其基本特征具有双重性 ,出现自相矛盾的现象 :一方面从总体上说 ,苏联还是愿意支持中国革命的 ,但在接收东北这一问题上 ,对中共及其军队既限制又支持 ;另一方面出于与美国争夺远东霸权的战略考虑 ,同时也为了能从国民党政府手中捞取更多的利益 ,苏联对国民党政府既妥协又限制     

Street Youth Labour Market Experiences and Crime*

Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous étudions la façon dont les expériences dans le marché du travail des jeunes sans‐abri et l'inter‐prétation qu'ils font du chômage sont liées à leur comportement criminel. À partir d'entretiens réalisés auprès d'un échantillon de 200 jeunes homines vivant dans la rue, les données recueillies indiquent que ces jeunes se sentent exclus du marché du travail du fait des expériences négatives qu'ils ont vécues. Ce phénomène est exacerbé par le chômage à long terme, qui détruit la motivation et conduit les jeunes à rechercher d'autres exutoires matériels. En outre, les jeunes en viennent à considérer le système social comme injuste et se sen‐tent inaptes à l'emploi, ce qui augmente le risque qu'ils participent à des activités criminelles. Les jeunes qui restent lies à la société tradi‐tionnelle et continuent de croire à l'idéologie dominante du mérite réagissent par la dépression ou la culpabilité menant à une fuite passive et favorisant le comportement criminel. En revanche, les jeunes qui refusent l'idéologie font étant d'un affect négatif minimal et met‐tent en valeur la supérioritý matérielle et sociale qu'ils accordent aux activités criminelles par rapport à l'emploi qu'ils ont pu occuper avant et qui leur était offert. Les conclusions de cet article s'appuient sur les théories de la contrainte, du contrôle et de la sous‐culture. The research explores how homeless street youths' labour market experiences and interpretations of unemployment are linked to criminal behavior. Using interviews with a sample of 200 male street youth, the data suggest that these youths become alienated from the labour market because of negative experiences in their jobs. This is exacerbated by long‐term unemployment that destroys motivation and leaves the youths looking for other material opportunities. Further, the youths come to see the social system as unfair and themselves as unemployable, making it more likely they will become involved in criminal activities. Those youths who remain bonded to the conventional society and continue to believe in the dominant meritocratic ideology respond with depression and guilt, which lead to a passive withdrawal and inhibit criminal behavior. In contrast, those youth who dismiss the ideology display minimal negative affect and reveal that criminal activities are superior both materially and socially to previous and available employment. Findings are discussed in terms of strain, control and subcultural theories.     

关于高师院校运动队学习问题的研究

文章运用调查、统计等方法,对运动队员在学习上的现实状况进行了分析研究,认为只有培养队员的学习兴趣、创造学习氛围、调动队员文化学习的积极性,以及运用行政措施严格学训管理制度,激励学生努力学训,才能把学生培养成为合格的体育人才.     

The nature, extent and determinants of violence against psychiatric personnel

Violence against psychiatric staff seems to be on the increase. Such abuse can lead to mental health consequences for the staff and a reluctance to be closely involved with patients. Few Swedish investigations have examined violence against mental nurses and psychiatrists, or undertaken comparative studies between them. In this study we examined the extent, nature and determinants (i.e. risk factors) of violence against psychiatric nurses (n = 731) and psychiatrists (n = 320) working in the eight health care districts of Stockholm. These caregivers were assessed cross-sectionally by means of a questionnaire covering various areas (e.g. violence and work environment). The majority of the participants (85%) reported having been exposed to violence during their careers, with 57% being victimized in the past 12 months. Physical violence was common, and factors such as negative attitudes to work and diminished sense of autonomy were associated with an increased vulnerability to violence. Nurses and psychiatrists did not differ in violence variables. In spite of the weaknesses of the design (cross-sectional self-selecting sample), this study corroborates previous findings and identifies personal factors associated with violence that have received little attention in the literature (e.g. lack of respect for the organization of care).     

Bank Loan Officers' Perceptions of Business Owners: The Role of Gender

There is a widely held belief that banks may be discriminating against female business owners. This study was designed to explore the perceptions held by bank loan officers of male and female business owners, using Bourdieu's theory of practice and Kelly's personal construct methodology. The research literature might lead to an expectation that the characteristics of the business owners would be relatively homogenous but that men and women business owners would be construed differently (for example women might be seen to lack drive). However, the results demonstrate heterogeneity in the constructs held by bank loan officers, and a particular concern with the character of the business owner. Significant gender differences were observed in only 20 of the 325 constructs elicited from 35 bank loan officers. Female bank loan officers were as likely as male bank loan officers to draw gender distinctions between business owners. Detailed multivariate analyses confirmed no evidence of systematic gender differences in the constructs held by bank loan officers of business owners.     

Using dialogue to build organization–public relationships,engage publics,and positively affect organizational outcomes

The study and practice of public relations continues to explore the many benefits accrued when organizations adopt a relational approach to public relations management. One area that is relatively unexplored in the relationship management literature is the role of dialogue in organization–public relationships. Historically, scholars have focused dialogic research on either interaction – where an organization and a public exchange information – or a debate – where organizations and public engage in a process of statement counterstatement. The current investigation explores the notion of dialogue and examines the ways in which relationship attitudes and dialogue may positively affect key public member evaluations and behavioral intent. The results suggest that both relationship attitudes and dialogue positively affect respondent evaluations of and intended behaviors toward an organization. The implications of the findings are presented and suggestions for managing organization–public relationships are considered.     

哈撒儿传说探

哈撒儿既是历史人物，又是传说英雄。哈撒儿是一位传奇色彩较浓的历史人物。哈撒儿传说在17世纪以后的蒙古文献以及民间广为流传。哈撒儿传说内容丰富，传播形式多样。我们将哈撒儿传说可分为正面传说和反面传说。这两类传说中的哈撒儿形象均与其性格、体貌、精神和历史功绩以及成吉思汗事业相关，有其历史渊源。哈撒儿传说具有一定的史料参考价值。     

正确认识和处置史料的五种方法

瞿林东认为,前辈史家在对待史料方面的一些见解、方法和经验在当今时代仍然具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义,这主要表现在重博闻善择;重分析辨析;重金石之学与二重证据;关注大量的、普遍的、主要的史料;以及重视历史资料的二重性等五个方面。张连生对“史料”定义问题进行了重新阐释,他认为,所谓“史料”应当是指“反映某一特定历史事实的原貌的材料”,它有特定的材料范围,而不是任何一种历史资料都可以充当的。游彪专就金石文字的史料价值和解读方法进行了探讨,他认为,金石文字是其他类型史料所无法替代的珍贵史料,使用者在运用金石文字时必须深入探究金石文字背后所隐藏的意蕴。陈述则对网络史料的内涵与特点进行了探讨,他认为,网络史料具有过去任何史料载体所无法比拟的容量,可以涵盖实物史料、口碑史料、文字史料和音像史料等,通过互联网,研究者就如同找到了一个流动的图书馆,而且它还具有快速、便捷、省时等特点。