The nature, extent and determinants of violence against psychiatric personnel

Violence against psychiatric staff seems to be on the increase. Such abuse can lead to mental health consequences for the staff and a reluctance to be closely involved with patients. Few Swedish investigations have examined violence against mental nurses and psychiatrists, or undertaken comparative studies between them. In this study we examined the extent, nature and determinants (i.e. risk factors) of violence against psychiatric nurses (n = 731) and psychiatrists (n = 320) working in the eight health care districts of Stockholm. These caregivers were assessed cross-sectionally by means of a questionnaire covering various areas (e.g. violence and work environment). The majority of the participants (85%) reported having been exposed to violence during their careers, with 57% being victimized in the past 12 months. Physical violence was common, and factors such as negative attitudes to work and diminished sense of autonomy were associated with an increased vulnerability to violence. Nurses and psychiatrists did not differ in violence variables. In spite of the weaknesses of the design (cross-sectional self-selecting sample), this study corroborates previous findings and identifies personal factors associated with violence that have received little attention in the literature (e.g. lack of respect for the organization of care).     

Bank Loan Officers' Perceptions of Business Owners: The Role of Gender

There is a widely held belief that banks may be discriminating against female business owners. This study was designed to explore the perceptions held by bank loan officers of male and female business owners, using Bourdieu's theory of practice and Kelly's personal construct methodology. The research literature might lead to an expectation that the characteristics of the business owners would be relatively homogenous but that men and women business owners would be construed differently (for example women might be seen to lack drive). However, the results demonstrate heterogeneity in the constructs held by bank loan officers, and a particular concern with the character of the business owner. Significant gender differences were observed in only 20 of the 325 constructs elicited from 35 bank loan officers. Female bank loan officers were as likely as male bank loan officers to draw gender distinctions between business owners. Detailed multivariate analyses confirmed no evidence of systematic gender differences in the constructs held by bank loan officers of business owners.     

Using dialogue to build organization–public relationships,engage publics,and positively affect organizational outcomes

The study and practice of public relations continues to explore the many benefits accrued when organizations adopt a relational approach to public relations management. One area that is relatively unexplored in the relationship management literature is the role of dialogue in organization–public relationships. Historically, scholars have focused dialogic research on either interaction – where an organization and a public exchange information – or a debate – where organizations and public engage in a process of statement counterstatement. The current investigation explores the notion of dialogue and examines the ways in which relationship attitudes and dialogue may positively affect key public member evaluations and behavioral intent. The results suggest that both relationship attitudes and dialogue positively affect respondent evaluations of and intended behaviors toward an organization. The implications of the findings are presented and suggestions for managing organization–public relationships are considered.     

哈撒儿传说探

哈撒儿既是历史人物，又是传说英雄。哈撒儿是一位传奇色彩较浓的历史人物。哈撒儿传说在17世纪以后的蒙古文献以及民间广为流传。哈撒儿传说内容丰富，传播形式多样。我们将哈撒儿传说可分为正面传说和反面传说。这两类传说中的哈撒儿形象均与其性格、体貌、精神和历史功绩以及成吉思汗事业相关，有其历史渊源。哈撒儿传说具有一定的史料参考价值。     

正确认识和处置史料的五种方法

瞿林东认为,前辈史家在对待史料方面的一些见解、方法和经验在当今时代仍然具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义,这主要表现在重博闻善择;重分析辨析;重金石之学与二重证据;关注大量的、普遍的、主要的史料;以及重视历史资料的二重性等五个方面。张连生对“史料”定义问题进行了重新阐释,他认为,所谓“史料”应当是指“反映某一特定历史事实的原貌的材料”,它有特定的材料范围,而不是任何一种历史资料都可以充当的。游彪专就金石文字的史料价值和解读方法进行了探讨,他认为,金石文字是其他类型史料所无法替代的珍贵史料,使用者在运用金石文字时必须深入探究金石文字背后所隐藏的意蕴。陈述则对网络史料的内涵与特点进行了探讨,他认为,网络史料具有过去任何史料载体所无法比拟的容量,可以涵盖实物史料、口碑史料、文字史料和音像史料等,通过互联网,研究者就如同找到了一个流动的图书馆,而且它还具有快速、便捷、省时等特点。     

Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models and Frailty Models with Bayesian Nonparametric Mixing

This paper proposes Bayesian nonparametric mixing for some well-known and popular models. The distribution of the observations is assumed to contain an unknown mixed effects term which includes a fixed effects term, a function of the observed covariates, and an additive or multiplicative random effects term. Typically these random effects are assumed to be independent of the observed covariates and independent and identically distributed from a distribution from some known parametric family. This assumption may be suspect if either there is interaction between observed covariates and unobserved covariates or the fixed effects predictor of observed covariates is misspecified. Another cause for concern might be simply that the covariates affect more than just the location of the mixed effects distribution. As a consequence the distribution of the random effects could be highly irregular in modality and skewness leaving parametric families unable to model the distribution adequately. This paper therefore proposes a Bayesian nonparametric prior for the random effects to capture possible deviances in modality and skewness and to explore the observed covariates' effect on the distribution of the mixed effects.     

西台恸哭 实恸故宋——《西台恸哭记》的思想内涵探微

谢翱是南宋末年著名爱国诗人，人品诗品俱佳，《四库总目提要》称其“诗文桀骜有奇气，而节概亦卓然可观”。值国家兴亡之际，谢翱尽倾家资，弃笔从戎，投奔文天祥，随文转战各地。宋亡后，谢翱遇名台必哭祭文天祥。其著名的《登西台恸哭记》，是追悼文天祥的感天动地之文，融注着对故宋的坚贞和忠诚。谢翱恸文天祥壮志未酬、为国捐躯，究其根本，则是恸宋朝沦亡、故国不再。他对丈天祥的感情，实质上是对宋室乃至整个国家和民族的感情。     

Staples,links, and poles in the construction of regional development theories

The developmental trajectories of extractive economies differ systematically from those of industrial economies. Analysis of these differences is difficult, because the specific characteristics and location in space of particular extracted resources distinguish extractive economies from each other far more than commodities produced and location distinguish industrial economies. The peculiar distoritions of Harold Innis's studies of particular staples as these were incorporated into general statements about regional economic development illustrate some of the tensions between ideographic and nomothetic goals in the analysis of regional economies and the dangers of resolving these tensions by collapsing the particular into the general. Subsequent use of these regional economic development models to obscure problems of particular resource extractive projects illuminates some of the unintended practical consequences of theoretical errors.