应用写作教学低效率探因及对策

主要对造成应用写作教学低效率的原因进行探索 ,分析其造成的客观原因和主观原因 ,并指出要改变这种现状 ,提高应用写作教学效果 ,必须切实地从师资的提高、教材的编写 ,到教学的安排、组织、实施等方面加大研究力度 ,把重视应用写作教学真正落到实处     

'Inquiries of every imaginable kind': ethnomethodology, practical action and the new socially situated learning theory

This paper examines the increasing interest in practice‐based theorising in the new social learning theory. It argues that this body of work does not pay sufficient attention to ethnomethodology's understanding of practical action. The paper then illustrates ethnomethodology's approach to understanding practical action, highlighting the concepts of ‘inquiry’ and ‘work’, and drawing upon examples from two phases in Garfinkel's work. Potential implications are then discussed for the new practice‐based social learning theory and conclusions are drawn.     

Social Security at The Crossroads: Toward Effective Pension Reform in Latin America

Individual pension savings accounts in Latin America promised to improve compliance and raise benefits in a cost‐effective manner, while at the same time raising savings rates, which would in turn promote economic growth. A review of the evolution of pension reform in Latin America shows results to have been mixed. Analyses of the recent reforms generally fail to consider the extent to which the success or failure of pension systems is driven by exogenous factors, including macroeconomic and labour market conditions, and institutions. A number of recent studies have issued a reassessment of the region's reforms that stresses the importance of a basic guaranteed pension benefit and recognizes that a range of alternatives are viable in the region. Pension systems based on individual accounts are undergoing a thorough reevaluation.     

A PARTIAL INDEPENDENCE ITEM RESPONSE MODEL FOR SURVEYS WITH FILTER QUESTIONS

In many surveys, responses to earlier questions determine whether later questions are asked. The probability of an affirmative response to a given item is therefore nonzero only if the participant responded affirmatively to some set of logically prior items, known as "filter items." In such surveys, the usual conditional independence assumption of standard item response models fails. A weaker "partial independence" assumption may hold, however, if an individual's responses to different items are independent conditional on the item parameters, the individual's latent trait, and the participant's affirmative responses to each of a set of filter items. In this paper, we propose an item response model for such "partially independent" item response data. We model such item response patterns as a function of a person-specific latent trait and a set of item parameters. Our model can be seen as a generalized hybrid of a discrete-time hazard model and a Rasch model. The proposed procedure yields estimates of (1) person-specific, interval-scale measures of a latent trait (or traits), along with person-specific standard errors of measurement; (2) conditional and marginal item severities for each item in a protocol; (3) person-specific conditional and marginal probabilities of an affirmative response to each item in a protocol; and (4) item information and total survey information. In addition, we show here how to investigate and test alternative conceptions of the dimensionality of the latent trait(s) being measured. Finally, we compare our procedure with a simpler alternative approach to summarizing data of this type.     

论亚里士多德的静观及其现代价值

亚里士多德认为,幸福就是至善,是人生所追求的最高目标,而静观是其中最幸福的生活。静观在亚里士多德伦理学中占据重要的地位。正确地认识静观是理解亚里士多德伦理思想的重要内容。本文分别论述静观的内涵、静观的渊源、静观的形而上基础,进而挖掘静观的现代价值,以昭示在追求物质生活之时,也要追求精神上的满足,从而达到完善个人、完善社会的目标。     

繁钦与建安文风的嬗变

建安文风经历了借鉴并改创《诗经》、《楚辞》及两汉以来乐府歌辞的阶段后,逐步向文人雅化方面发展。繁钦是这一转变期的代表人物,他早年流寓荆州时期的诗赋风格苍凉沉郁,与当时“梗概而多气”的文风契合,并初步体现出文人化的创作趋向;归入邺下后,其创作风格渐趋成熟,体现出繁丽、俳趣、绮艳、内敛的特色,既与建安文风的主体风貌一致,又对其多样化产生了重要影响。     

现代企业开发和利用信息的若干问题研究

市场经济是信息经济。信息生蛋、信息出效益是不争的事实。本文在阐释信息功效的基础上,分析和揭示了目前企业在信息开发和利用中存在的问题,并探讨开发信息、利用信息创造效益的谋略和构想。     

人文自救:执着与困惑--林语堂的哲学探寻与文学世界

本文立足于对林语堂的人文哲学观的轨迹探寻 ,考察并思索其文学面貌与哲学理念的互动和互渗。同时 ,作者指出 ,林语堂的这种相对纯净化的人文自救哲学观在文学中的渗透自觉在成就其独特的文学风格的同时 ,也在一定程度上束缚了其创作的多变性和厚重感     

A TEST FOR THE EFFECT OF CONFORMITY ON CRIME RATES USING VOTER TURNOUT

Using voter turnout to measure conformity, this article examines whether conformity with social norms moderates the crime rate in the United States at the state and county levels. If people are fairly consistent in their response to the perceived local degree of conformity with norms about voting and against crime, analysis predicts a unique quadratic relationship between reported crime rates and voter turnout. A pooled multivariate regression analysis of state crime rates for several index crimes in 1960, 1970, and 1980 confirms the predicted relationship, as do county-level analyses of the violent crime rate in 1985 and 1991. This method might also be used to assess the effect of social conformity on other social choices.