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91.
Wolfgang?GaissmaierEmail author Andreas?Wilke Benjamin?Scheibehenne Paige?McCanney H.?Clark?Barrett 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2016,32(1):143-156
Why do people gamble? A large body of research suggests that cognitive distortions play an important role in pathological gambling. Many of these distortions are specific cases of a more general misperception of randomness, specifically of an illusory perception of patterns in random sequences. In this article, we provide further evidence for the assumption that gamblers are particularly prone to perceiving illusory patterns. In particular, we compared habitual gamblers to a matched sample of community members with regard to how much they exhibit the choice anomaly ‘probability matching’. Probability matching describes the tendency to match response proportions to outcome probabilities when predicting binary outcomes. It leads to a lower expected accuracy than the maximizing strategy of predicting the most likely event on each trial. Previous research has shown that an illusory perception of patterns in random sequences fuels probability matching. So does impulsivity, which is also reported to be higher in gamblers. We therefore hypothesized that gamblers will exhibit more probability matching than non-gamblers, which was confirmed in a controlled laboratory experiment. Additionally, gamblers scored much lower than community members on the cognitive reflection task, which indicates higher impulsivity. This difference could account for the difference in probability matching between the samples. These results suggest that gamblers are more willing to bet impulsively on perceived illusory patterns. 相似文献
92.
The geographic scale of Metropolitan racial segregation 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Reardon SF Matthews SA O'Sullivan D Lee BA Firebaugh G Farrell CR Bischoff K 《Demography》2008,45(3):489-514
This article addresses an aspect of racial residential segregation that has been largely ignored in prior work: the issue
of geographic scale. In some metropolitan areas, racial groups are segregated over large regions, with predominately white
regions, predominately black regions, and so on, whereas in other areas, the separation of racial groups occurs over much
shorter distances. Here we develop an approach—featuring the segregation profile and the corresponding macro/micro segregation
ratio—that offers a scale-sensitive alternative to standard methodological practice for describing segregation. Using this
approach, we measure and describe the geographic scale of racial segregation in the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in
2000. We find considerable heterogeneity in the geographic scale of segregation patterns across both metropolitan areas and
racial groups, a heterogeneity that is not evident using conventional “aspatial” segregation measures. Moreover, because the
geographic scale of segregation is only modestly correlated with the level of segregation in our sample, we argue that geographic
scale represents a distinct dimension of residential segregation. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications
of our findings for investigating the patterns, causes, and consequences of residential segregation at different geographic
scales. 相似文献
93.
Bruce Barrett 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2017,46(13):6737-6741
Direct calculation of the non central hypergeometric (NH) distribution and its moments can present computational issues in both efficiency and accuracy. In response, several methods, both approximate and exact, for calculating the NH mean and variance have appeared in the literature. We add to this body of work, a straight-forward, exact method that is easily programed, efficient, and computationally stable. Specifically, by considering the logs of the values of the NH probability mass function (pmf) and then shifting the exponents so that, prior to normalization, the mode acquires a value of 1, concerns for overflow are eliminated. 相似文献
94.
95.
An Infinite Decision Puzzle 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
We tell a story where an agent who chooses in such a way as to make the greatest possible profit on each of an infinite series of transactions ends up worse off than an agent who chooses in such a way as to make the least possible profit on each transaction. That is, contrary to what one might suppose, it is not necessarily rational always to choose the option that yields the greatest possible profit on each transaction. 相似文献
96.
After an intentional release of chlorine in an office district, public responses such as sheltering‐in‐place could save many lives if rapid enough. However, previous work does not estimate how fast and effective such responses would be for several possible investments in attack detection, public alert, and building ventilation, nor whether such measures would be cost effective. We estimate public response times with investment options in place, and resulting changes in fatalities as well as system costs, including false alarm costs, and cost effectiveness in terms of cost per net death avoided. The measures do have life‐saving potential, especially if all response times are at or near the lower limits of the ranges assumed in this article. However, due to uncertainties, it is not clear that responses would be rapid enough to save many people. In some cases total fatalities would increase, since sheltering after chlorine vapor has already entered buildings can increase occupants’ chlorine exposure. None of the options considered have median cost per statistical life saved meeting a cost‐effectiveness threshold of $6.5 million across all of the chlorine exposure dose‐response and ingress‐delay models considered here, even if there were one attack per year in the area covered by the system. Given these and other issues discussed in this article, at this point investments to improve sheltering‐in‐place capability appear not to be robust strategies for reducing fatalities from chlorine attack in an office district. 相似文献
97.
Brenda Barrett 《Work and stress》2013,27(4):394-404
Abstract This paper shows how two strands of English case law, one establishing liability to compensate for shock suffered by those at the scene of disaster, and the other concerned with physical injury suffered by rescuers, were brought together in the 1960s to provide a remedy for a rescuer suffering from what the law describes as ‘nervous shock’. It further traces the development of employers' liability in this context, but finds that the law provides few examples of the contractual duty of employers to protect employees generally against stress that may cause psychological injury. It points out that there is no case law on the liability of employers for stress suffered by rescue workers, whether professional or otherwise. It notes that law reports give little guidance as to the medical evidence judges require to persuade them that nervous shock has been suffered. Finally, it spells out that EC-inspired regulations could now be used to require employers to assess, and take steps to control, stress to which their employees, including rescue workers, are exposed. 相似文献
98.
Carrie Y. Barron Ausbrooks Edith J. Barrett Maria Martinez-Cosio 《Population research and policy review》2009,28(1):93-106
Conducting research in the wake of a catastrophic event imposes the dual responsibilities on researchers of protecting the
rights of the survivors as research subjects, while also ensuring research quality and the dissemination and application of
findings. This article, based partially on the authors’ experiences of conducting research in school districts following Hurricane
Katrina, examines the ethical issues that arise when working with survivors, reticent organizations, and institutional review
boards. Challenges experienced by researchers concerning access, informed consent, confidentiality, subject compensation,
and enlisting the assistance of stressed institutions are described.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0036566000. Any opinions, findings,
and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
99.
This article proposes consistent nonparametric methods for testing the null hypothesis of Lorenz dominance. The methods are based on a class of statistical functionals defined over the difference between the Lorenz curves for two samples of welfare-related variables. We present two specific test statistics belonging to the general class and derive their asymptotic properties. As the limiting distributions of the test statistics are nonstandard, we propose and justify bootstrap methods of inference. We provide methods appropriate for case where the two samples are independent as well as the case where the two samples represent different measures of welfare for one set of individuals. The small sample performance of the two tests is examined and compared in the context of a Monte Carlo study and an empirical analysis of income and consumption inequality. 相似文献
100.
Edith J. Barrett PhD 《Journal of aging & social policy》2013,25(3):218-233
A number of studies have followed the changes in the lives of public housing residents forced to relocate because of redevelopment. From 2002 to 2007, researchers followed the residents of a public housing development from the first year when residents learned of the pending demolition through 4 years of resettlement. Elder residents dispersed throughout the city provide insights into what life is like for low-income seniors leaving their homes and entering as strangers into new neighborhoods. The article concludes with recommendations for rethinking aging in place for poor elders. 相似文献