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Prof. Dr. Johannes Bastian 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2010,41(1):21-37
Working with feedback in schools is often based on the (mis-)understanding that it is a form of teacher assessment carried out by the students. Therefore, this paper starts with demarcating feedback from patterns of expectation and of actions that equate feedback with assessment. It unfolds a concept of feedback which is based on methodically structured discussions, shared responsibility, a dialogue practice and designed working alliances. It reconstructs a practice that avoids assessment and seeks possibilities to support learning processes and lesson development. This concept of working with feedback as a motor for a systematic and collaborative lesson development hasn't been a result of an armchair decision. It is grounded on experiences of teachers in four schools who, for one year, continuously worked with feedback methods in their lessons—not by themselves but collaboratively in a network with other schools and in the context of a scientifically accompanied project. 相似文献
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Assessing the treatment effect in a randomized controlled trial with extensive non‐adherence: the EVOLVE trial 
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We propose a class of goodness-of-fit tests for the gamma distribution that utilizes the empirical Laplace transform. The consistency of the tests as well as their asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis are investigated. As the decay of the weight function tends to infinity, the test statistics approach limit values related to the first non zero component of Neyman's smooth test for the gamma law. The new tests are compared with other omnibus tests for the gamma distribution. 相似文献
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Yumi Kubo Lulu Ren Sterling Patrick S Parfrey Karminder Gill Kenneth W Mahaffey Ioanna Gioni Marie‐Louise Trotman Bastian Dehmel Glenn M Chertow 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2015,14(3):242-251
Intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis is widely used to establish efficacy in randomized clinical trials. However, in a long‐term outcomes study where non‐adherence to study drug is substantial, the on‐treatment effect of the study drug may be underestimated using the ITT analysis. The analyses presented herein are from the EVOLVE trial, a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, event‐driven cardiovascular outcomes study conducted to assess whether a treatment regimen including cinacalcet compared with placebo in addition to other conventional therapies reduces the risk of mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients receiving hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Pre‐specified sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of non‐adherence on the estimated effect of cinacalcet. These analyses included lag‐censoring, inverse probability of censoring weights (IPCW), rank preserving structural failure time model (RPSFTM) and iterative parameter estimation (IPE). The relative hazard (cinacalcet versus placebo) of mortality and major cardiovascular events was 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.85, 1.02) using the ITT analysis; 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) using lag‐censoring analysis; 0.81 (0.70, 0.92) using IPCW; 0.85 (0.66, 1.04) using RPSFTM and 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) using IPE. These analyses, while not providing definitive evidence, suggest that the intervention may have an effect while subjects are receiving treatment. The ITT method remains the established method to evaluate efficacy of a new treatment; however, additional analyses should be considered to assess the on‐treatment effect when substantial non‐adherence to study drug is expected or observed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Successfully predicting gentrification could have many social and commercial applications; however, real estate sales are difficult to predict because they belong to a chaotic system comprised of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics, perceived value, and market speculation. Using New York City real estate as our subject, we combine modern techniques of data science and machine learning with traditional spatial analysis to create robust real estate prediction models for both classification and regression tasks. We compare several cutting edge machine learning algorithms across spatial, semispatial, and nonspatial feature engineering techniques, and we empirically show that spatially conscious machine learning models outperform nonspatial models when married with advanced prediction techniques such as Random Forests, generalized linear models, gradient boosting machines, and artificial neural networks. 相似文献
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Ludwig Baringhaus Nora Gürtler & Norbert Henze 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2000,42(2):179-192
This paper considers families of statistics for testing the goodness-of-fit of various parametric models such as the normal, exponential or Poisson. Each family consists of weighted integrals over the squared modulus of some measure of deviation from the parametric model, expressed by means of an empirical transform of the data. Letting the rate of decay of the weight function tend to infinity, each test statistic, after a suitable rescaling, approaches a limit that is closely connected to the first non-zero component of Neyman's smooth test for the parametric model. 相似文献
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We propose an experimental design to investigate the role of information disclosure in the market for an experience good. The market is served by a duopoly of firms that choose both the quality and the price of their product. Consumers differ in their taste for quality and choose from which firm to buy. We compare four different treatments in which we vary the degree to which consumers are informed about quality. Contrary to theoretical predictions, firms do not differentiate quality under full information. Rather, both tend to offer products of similar, high quality, entailing more intense price competition than predicted by theory. Under no information, we observe a “lemons” outcome where quality is low. At the same time, firms manage to maintain prices substantially above marginal cost. In two intermediate treatments, quality is significantly higher than the no‐information level, and there is evidence that prices become better predictors of quality. Taken together these findings suggest that information disclosure is a more effective tool to raise welfare and consumer surplus than theory would lead one to expect. (JEL L15, C91, D82) 相似文献
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The Laplace transform \psi(t)=E[{\rm exp}(-tX)] of a random variable X with exponential density u exp( m u x ), x S 0, satisfies the equation (\lambda+t)\psi(t)-\lambda=0 , t S 0. We study the behavior of a class of consistent tests for exponentiality based on a suitably weighted integral of [({\hat\lambda}_n+t)\psi_n(t)-{\hat\lambda}_n]^2 , where {\hat\lambda}_n is the maximum-likelihood estimate of u , and é n is the empirical Laplace transform, each based on an i.i.d. sample X 1 , …, X n . As the decay of the weight function tends to infinity, the test statistic approaches the square of the first nonzero component of Neyman's smooth test for exponentiality. The new tests are compared with other omnibus tests for exponentiality. 相似文献