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141.
142.
Demographic crisis: The impact of the Bangladesh civil war (1971) on births and deaths in a rural area of Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary In Matlab Bazaar Thana the Cholera Research Laboratory has registered the births, deaths and migrations in a population of approximately 125,000 since 1966. Although this rural area was not the scene of any significant armed encounters, striking changes in birth and death rates were registered during and after the conflict. Birth rates did not change during the relatively brief period of the civil war, but a small decline was registered for one year after the war. Fertility rates which had been declining slightly and irregularly in the pre-war baseline period may have increased slightly during the war and fell substantially in all age groups in the year following the war. The crude death rate, which rose by 37 per cent during the war, was a very sensitive reflection of the administrative and economic problems. Overall infant mortality rose by only 15 per cent over pre-war levels because all of the increase was observed in the post-neo-natal component, which traditionally accounts for less than one-third of the total infant mortality in Bangladesh. Children and older adults accounted for the majority of excess deaths which were largely attributed to acute diarrhoeas and other gastro-intestinal causes. The death rate at ages 1-4 rose by 43 per cent and at ages 5-9 soared to 208 per cent above pre-war baseline rates. All increases in age-specific mortality rates fell to baseline levels during the year following the war, except the 5-9-year age group, in which rates continued to be high largely because of deaths due to dysentery. 相似文献
143.
Arcega MB 《Initiatives in population》1976,2(2-3):10-14
Jose D. Drilon, Jr., president of Food Terminal, Inc., and a former undersecretary of the then Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources in the Philippines, attributes the widening gap between food supply and demand in developing countries to the high rate of population growth and to the inability of poor countries to produce more food. This situation, in which many countries are facing hunger, was predicted by Thomas Robert Malthus as early as the 16th century. The primary concern of Malthus was the problem of making the food supply keep pace with a constantly growing population. The question arises as to how reliable is Malthusian theory. According to Drilon, Malthus was correct in predicting that population would expand at a rate not previously imagined but that the other aspects of Malthusian theory might not hold true due to the intervention of human beings. For example, it is hoped that the imbalance between population growth and food production can be minimized in the future. In the Philippines there is good reason to be concerned about the validity of Malthusian theory. Although the country's growth rate has been reduced from 3.01% in 1970 to 2.6%, it is still quite high. However, the Philippines has actually been producing sufficient food to feed its population. To make the Philippines self-sufficient in rice, the government initiated the Masagana 99 program in May 1973. Technical and material resources from the public and private sectors were provided to aid rice producers. A nationwide information campaign was also launched to familiarize the farmers with the new methods of rice culture. Masagana 99 has been costly but effective. Since the launching of the program, rice production in the Philippines has been increasing at 7% a year. The government is now using the Masagana 99 formula to increase the production of other crops. 相似文献
144.
Relationships are examined between feelings of political competenceand cumulative media usage in five Western nations. Wide differentiationamong the nations studied is found, suggesting that multivariateanalysis is needed to establish whether media usage makes aunique contribution to feelings of political competence, oracts as a surrogate for other background variables. 相似文献
145.
Tolerable or Acceptable: A Comparison of Risk Regulation in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
B. J. M. Ale 《Risk analysis》2005,25(2):231-241
In managing major accident hazards in industry risk, both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands use quantitative risk analysis and quantified risk criteria. These should be understood in the historical, legal, and political context in which they were drawn up. Even when criteria are numerically the same they do not necessarily mean the same thing. The legal and historical context differs widely between the two countries. Nevertheless, it is surprising that the final results in terms of land use and levels of risk are very similar. 相似文献
146.
In an era where forecasts drive entire supply chains forecasting is seen as an increasingly critical organizational capability. However, business forecasting continues to rely on judgmental methods despite large advancements in information technology and quantitative method capability, prompting calls for research to help understand the reasons behind this practice. Our study is designed to contribute to this knowledge by profiling differences between firms identified as primary users of either judgmental or quantitative forecasting methods. Relying on survey data from 240 firms we statistically analyzed differences between these categories of users based on a range of organizational and forecasting issues. Our study finds large differences in forecast error rates between the two groups, with users of quantitative methods significantly outperforming users of judgmental methods. The former are found to be equally prevalent regardless of industry, firm size, and product positioning strategy, documenting the benefits of quantitative method use in a variety of settings. By contrast, the latter are found to have significantly lower access to quantifiable data and to use information and technology to a lesser degree. 相似文献
147.
148.
The Determinants of Trust and Credibility in Environmental Risk Communication: An Empirical Study 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
This study examines a key component of environmental risk communication; trust and credibility. The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, six hypotheses regarding the perceptions and determinants of trust and credibility were tested against survey data. The hypotheses were supported by the data. The most important hypothesis was that perceptions of trust and credibility are dependent on three factors: perceptions of knowledge and expertise; perceptions of openness and honesty; and perceptions of concern and care. In the second part, models were constructed with perceptions of trust and credibility as the dependent variable. The goal was to examine the data for findings with direct policy implications. One such finding was that defying a negative stereotype is key to improving perceptions of trust and credibility. 相似文献
149.
Anthony B. L. Cheung 《Public Organization Review》2006,6(3):221-236
This article examines the degree of autonomy of Hong Kong’s Airport Authority (AA). Traditionally, airport management in Hong Kong was the responsibility of the government’s Civil Aviation Department. The AA was established in 1995 to manage the new international airport at Chek Lap Kok which opened in 1998. It was expected to run as a commercial enterprise but, because of its strategic importance, there was concern that it should not become an independent empire detached from government control. As a hybrid type of organization, the AA has moved steadily towards full commercialization. The government has also put its privatization on the agenda. Its transformation may have some implications for the redefinition of the future autonomy boundaries of public corporations in Hong Kong.
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150.
F. H. Chang H. B. Chen J. Y. Guo F. K. Hwang Uriel G. Rothblum 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2006,11(3):321-339
Consider the problem of partitioning n nonnegative numbers into p parts, where part i can be assigned ni numbers with ni lying in a given range. The goal is to maximize a Schur convex function F whose ith argument is the sum of numbers assigned to part i.
The shape of a partition is the vector consisting of the sizes of its parts, further, a shape (without referring to a particular
partition) is a vector of nonnegative integers (n1,..., np) which sum to n. A partition is called size-consecutive if there is a ranking of the parts which is consistent with their sizes, and all
elements in a higher-ranked part exceed all elements in the lower-ranked part. We demonstrate that one can restrict attention
to size-consecutive partitions with shapes that are nonmajorized, we study these shapes, bound their numbers and develop algorithms
to enumerate them. Our study extends the analysis of a previous paper by Hwang and Rothblum which discussed the above problem
assuming the existence of a majorizing shape.
This research is partially supported by ROC National Science grant NSC 92-2115-M-009-014. 相似文献