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61.
Public policy initiatives in the 1950s and 1960s, including Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity law, helped
mitigate explicit discrimination in pay, and the expansion of higher education and training programs have advanced the employment
fortunes of many American women. By the early 1980s, some scholars proclaimed near equity in pay between black and white women,
particularly among young and highly skilled workers. More recent policy initiatives and labor market conditions have been
arguably less progressive for black women’s employment and earnings: through the 1980s, 1990s, and the first half of the 2000s,
the wage gap between black and white women widened considerably. Using data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing
Rotation Group (CPS-MORG), this article documents the racial wage gap among women in the United States from 1979 to 2005.
We investigate how demographic and labor market conditions influence employment and wage inequality among black and white
women over the period. Although shifts in labor supply influence the magnitude of the black-white wage gap among women, structural
disadvantages faced by black women help explain the growth in the racial wage gap. 相似文献
62.
The shopping behavior of time-sensitive consumers has been modeled as an economic model of choice. Consumers are said to balance the costs of time spent commuting to the store and in the store with storage costs and other nontime costs of shopping. In so doing, these consumers tend to minimize their overall costs. Propositions are developed and tested using this economic model of shopping. The model is extended beyond time sensitivity to include deal proneness; further propositions are developed and tested using the extended model. The empirical results support the derived models. 相似文献
63.
64.
Becky Yang Hsu 《The British journal of sociology》2014,65(2):245-265
Academic and political discussions about micro‐finance have been found lacking in predictive power, because they are based on orthodox economic theory, which does not properly comprehend the social components of credit. I take a better approach, utilizing credit theory – specifically, Ingham's explication of how the nature of money as credit leads to social inequality. I also expound the perspective that morality is not separate from considerations borrowers make in micro‐finance programmes on the micro level. I draw upon illustrations from my fieldwork in rural China, where a group‐lending micro‐finance programme was administered as part of a larger government‐initiated effort across the country. 相似文献
65.
66.
Dana Christensen Ph.D. Becky Antle Ph.D. Lisa Johnson MSW 《Journal of Family Social Work》2013,16(3):303-322
This article summarizes the importance of and challenges to addressing couple teamwork issues in the child welfare population. Although there is substantial evidence to support the importance of healthy adult relationships for child well-being and the prevention of child maltreatment, there are a number of barriers to addressing these couple relationships in child welfare. These barriers include diverse family configurations and uncertain relationship commitments, the individual presentation of maltreatment, and worker discomfort with these issues. Additionally, there are few relationship programs designed specifically for low income individuals, and a number of policy and environmental constraints affect couple relationships in this population. However, building upon a comprehensive practice model for child welfare known as Solution Based Casework, this article describes casework skills to initiate and maintain couple teamwork conversations. These initiation skills include assessing patterns in everyday life, building partnerships with families, normalizing and externalizing problems, and tracking interactional sequences related to parent teamwork. The maintenance skills described include maintaining a common language, utilizing family team meetings, recognizing small steps of change, keeping treatment providers on track, and making the most of setbacks. These practical guidelines will assist child welfare professionals with building couple teamwork for child protection. 相似文献
67.
Becky F. Antle Eli Karam Dana N. Christensen Anita P. Barbee Bibhuti K. Sar 《Journal of Family Social Work》2013,16(5):387-406
This research evaluated the impact of the Within My Reach healthy relationship education program on intimate partner violence for 419 high-risk adults in an urban area. Key outcomes such as relationship knowledge, communication/conflict resolution skills, relationship quality, and physical and emotional abuse were evaluated through survey research immediately post- and 6-months postprogram participation. Results suggest that participation in the Within My Reach program is associated with a statistically significant decrease in physical and emotional abuse, as well as isolation behaviors. Differences by participant demographics and the role of communication skills and relationship quality as mediators of these outcomes are also discussed. 相似文献
68.
Jennifer E. Lansford Tianyi Yu Stephen A. Erath Gregory S. Pettit John E. Bates Kenneth A. Dodge 《Journal of research on adolescence》2010,20(3):651-677
This study examines family and child characteristics, parent and peer relationships, and early adolescent behavior as statistical predictors of trajectories of number of sexual partners from midadolescence through early adulthood using data from 527 participants in the Child Development Project. Early adolescent developmental antecedents accounted for modest variance in number of sexual partners. Latent growth models revealed that African American race, more advanced pubertal development, lower parental monitoring knowledge, association with more deviant peers, and lower grade point average in early adolescence each predicted having more sexual partners at age 16. In addition, non‐African American race, lower child IQ, higher parental monitoring knowledge, and lower early adolescent internalizing problems each was associated with a higher rate of growth in number of sexual partners over time at the ages following 16. Latent growth mixture modeling identified subgroups with distinct trajectories of involvement with sexual partners that were associated with family and child characteristics, parent and peer relationships, and behavior in early adolescence. 相似文献
69.
Becky Brown 《Journal of Sociolinguistics》2003,7(1):3-23
The nature of lexical and structural borrowing has been at the forefront of sociolinguistic debates for many years. This study analyzes bilingual lexemes and morphemes of English–origin loanwords from a Louisiana corpus of twenty–two French/English speakers. French Louisiana, however, has been undergoing language shift from French to English for three generations and, as a consequence, language dominance is in a parallel state of shift. This competing dominance produces borrowings characterized by a range of phonological integration coupled with bound morphemes from both languages. These data suggest that examining borrowing beyond the word level reveals a highly complex interplay of often competing and overlapping grammars. 相似文献
70.
We study job scheduling on processors capable of running at variable voltage/speed to minimize energy consumption. Each job
in a problem instance is specified by its arrival time and deadline, together with required number of CPU cycles. It is known
that the minimum energy schedule for n jobs can be computed in O(n3) time, assuming a convex energy function. We investigate more efficient algorithms for computing the optimal schedule when
the job sets have certain special structures. When the time intervals are structured as trees, the minimum energy schedule
is shown to have a succinct characterization and is computable in time O(P) where P is the tree’s total path length. We also study an on-line average-rate heuristics AVR and prove that its energy consumption
achieves a small constant competitive ratio for nested job sets and for job sets with limited overlap. Some simulation results
are also given.
This work is supported in part by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong under grant No. CityU 1165/04E, National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant No. 60135010, 60321002 and the Chinese National Key Foundation Research & Development Plan
(2004CB318108). 相似文献