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111.
Public Organization Review - Studies on the influence of COVID-19 on municipalities are scarce, although it was precisely municipalities that stood in the first line of combat. It is important to... 相似文献
112.
Alfaro Moreno Ana Karina Núñez Velázquez José Javier 《Social indicators research》2019,142(3):911-946
Social Indicators Research - This study analyzes the evolution of salary polarization in the Spanish labor market. The paper proposes the use of mixed distributions to examine the consequences of... 相似文献
113.
Armando Serrano‐Lombillo Ignacio Escuder‐Bueno Manuel G. de Membrillera‐Ortuño Luis Altarejos‐García 《Risk analysis》2011,31(6):1000-1015
In the past few years, the field of dam safety has approached risk informed methodologies throughout the world and several methodologies and programs are appearing to aid in the systematization of the calculations. The most common way of implementing these calculations is through the use of event trees, computing event probabilities, and incremental consequences. This methodology is flexible enough for several situations, but its generalization to the case of systems of several dams is complex and its implementation in a completely general calculation methodology presents some problems. Retaining the event tree framework, a new methodology is proposed to calculate incremental risks. The main advantage of this proposed methodology is the ease with which it can be applied to systems of several dams: with a single risk model that describes the complete system and with a single calculation the incremental risks of the system can be obtained, being able to allocate the risk of each dam and of each failure mode. The article shows how both methodologies are equivalent and also applies them to a case study. 相似文献
114.
Life Expectancy, Schooling Time, Retirement, and Growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cruz A. Echevarría 《Economic inquiry》2004,42(4):602-617
I analyze how changes in life expectancy affect retirement age, education time, and growth rates of economies. I set up a continuous time, overlapping generations model of endogenous growth with externalities in human capital production. I find that increases in life expectancy give rise to first, higher retirement ages and second, higher education spans. A threshold level for life expectancy exists such that per capita growth rates follow an inverted U pattern. 相似文献
115.
The increasing availability of high-throughput data, that is, massive quantities of molecular biology data arising from different types of experiments such as gene expression or protein microarrays, leads to the necessity of methods for summarizing the available information. As annotation quality improves it is becoming common to rely on biological annotation databases, such as the Gene Ontology (GO), to build functional profiles which characterize a set of genes or proteins using the distribution of their annotations in the database. In this work we describe a statistical model for such profiles, provide methods to compare profiles and develop inferential procedures to assess this comparison. An R-package implementing the methods will be available at publication time. 相似文献
116.
Globalization is constantly changing the appearance of the modern world. The most intense processes of integration are taking
place in Europe in the framework of the European Union (EU) enlargement. Though the formal process is more or less concluded,
the subtle and informal ones still have a long way to go. Social structures (institutions, organizations, norms, etc.) and
actions depend on the cultural environment in the narrowest sense of the word: human perceptions and values. This poses the
basic question whether the economic-cultural orientations of the new EU member states are compatible with imported social
structures. We have done an empirical research using Hofstede's cultural dimensions and European Values Study database for
26 European countries (23 EU member states, 2 candidate countries, and Northern Ireland as a separate entity). We have also
compared the differences and similarities by applying the Ward method (cluster analysis) on our 10 constructed variables. 相似文献
117.
Urban environment, spatial fragmentation and social segration in Latin America: Where does innovation lie? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jean-Claude Bolay Yves Pedrazzini Adriana Rabinovich Andrea Catenazzi Carlos García Pleyn 《Habitat International》2005,29(4):627-645
To “review the urban question” in terms of sustainable development, the premise is formulated that improving infrastructures, equipment and services to preserve the natural and built urban environment is costly and generates expenses of all kinds—at economic and social levels. Without the introduction of equalisation mechanisms, these expenses will increase inequalities between different parts of the urban population.As confirmed by 2 Latin American case studies in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and La Paz Bolivia, the quality of urban environment depends directly on improving living conditions for the resident population. The aim is to assist the poor in developing a rubbish disposal service for the families living in the informal settlements of La Paz, or to extend water supply to the poorer areas on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. The collective benefits of these “innovations” are self-evident. However, understanding the environmental issues involved, and evaluating the social impact of these innovations, means examining what motivates their implementation.The first difficulty was in finding financial and economic information on the global cost of the new technologies, due to the lack of managerial culture and the discretional attitude of private enterprises and public administration.A second observation is that the social dimension of the environmental upgrading process in Latin America cities has been neglected by the main urban decision-makers. In all the contexts, the evolution of the projects’ implementation clearly demonstrates that social issues cannot be dissociated from political ones. Although the players themselves often find it difficult to estimate economic costs, these are nonetheless real and represent burdens that should be distributed equitably among the beneficiaries of services; but which are, in practice, often viewed in terms of profit. This leads to conflicts between different population groups, the political authorities and private intermediaries.Rather than viewing technological action as an unique “source” of innovation, we must consider its global dimension via the social practices it generates. On the other hand, we should reposition every specific event in its immediate environment and see how it reflects contemporary macro-social processes, in a world of “globalisation”. 相似文献
118.
E. Ayuga T llez A.J. Martí n Fern ndez C. Gonz lez Garcí a E. Martí nez Falero 《Journal of applied statistics》2006,33(8):819-836
The aim of this paper is to describe a simulation procedure to compare parametric regression against a non-parametric regression method, for different functions and sets of information. The proposed methodology improves lack of fit at the edges of the regression curves, and an acceptable result is obtained for the no-parametric estimation in all studied cases. Larger differences appear at the edges of the estimation. The results are applied to the study of dasometric variables, which do not fulfil the normality hypothesis needed for parametric estimation. The kernel regression shows the relationship between the studied variables, which would not be detected with more rigid parametric models. 相似文献
119.
Viña J Borrás C Gambini J Sastre J Pallardó FV 《Science of aging knowledge environment : SAGE KE》2005,2005(23):pe17
Females live longer than males in many species, including humans. We have traced a possible explanation for this phenomenon to the beneficial action of estrogens, which bind to estrogen receptors and increase the expression of longevity-associated genes, including those encoding the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. As a result, mitochondria from females produce fewer reactive oxygen species than those from males. Administering estrogens has serious drawbacks, however--they are feminizing (and thus cannot be administered to males) and may increase the incidence of serious diseases such as uterine cancer in postmenopausal women. Phytoestrogens, which are present in soy or wine, may have some of the favorable effects of estrogens without their undesirable effects. Study of gender differences in longevity may help us to understand the basic processes of aging and to devise practical strategies to increase the longevity of both females and males. 相似文献
120.