Social Integration and Health Insurance Status Among African American Men and Women

Using 2010 national data, we investigate the relationship between social integration and health insurance for African American adults. During the previous year 21.6% of men and 19.8% of women lacked continuous health insurance. The effect of marital status, income, and employment on insurance coverage differed by age and gender. Additionally, frequency of church attendance was positively associated with continuous health insurance for women aged 51–64. Spiritual/religious identity was marginally associated with insurance status for men aged 36–50. As provisions of the Affordable Care Act take effect, implementation programs should expand enrollment efforts to include the conjugal unit and the church.     

Opportunism in buyer–supplier exchange: a critical examination of the concept and its implications for theory and practice

Abstract

Claims that opportunism is widespread in the process of buyer–supplier exchange are commonplace, but direct supporting evidence for such claims is largely absent from the relevant literature. This article offers a critique of the treatment of opportunism in supply chains by re-establishing the importance of guile in the concept and investigates existing published, empirical measures of buyer and supplier opportunistic behaviour. This article offers evidence that, despite the frequency with which the concept is discussed in the literature and applied in research and the emphasis given to the risks it generates for management, opportunism with guile between buyers and suppliers appears to be rare in practice. This article is the first critical assessment of the concept’s treatment in the Operations Management field, and it argues that practitioners are currently being poorly advised with respect to the phenomenon, as well as drawing conclusions for both practitioners and researchers that differ radically from the prevailing consensus on the subject.     

Institutional academic industry relationship: results of interviews with university leaders

The purpose of this study was to explore qualitatively the nature, consequences and management of institutional academic industry relationships (IAIRs) in the life and health sciences. The results of our interviews suggest that in the institutions we visited IAIRs are common and deeply embedded in the academic enterprise both among institutional officials and the organization itself. Many believe these relationships have potential benefits for the research and education mission while creating the potential for conflicts of interest. Further tracking and study of the IAIRs is required to understand and anticipate the full effects of these relationships on the scientific enterprise in the United States.     

Gender Orientations and Family Strategies*

Des interviews qualitatives de 95 femmes mariées ayant entre 18 et 45 ans ont été menées afin d'étudier les points de vue de ces dernières sur le mariage, les enfants, le travail et les politiques familiales. Nous avons comparé les opinions des femmes plus traditionnelles avec celles des femmes favorisant l'égalité des sexes, et nous avons pu constater que plusieurs idées étaient partagées, notamment sur le mariage et les enfants. Étaient à l'origine de divergences les stratégies familiales régissant l'opportunité du mariage et des naissances ainsi que la priorité accordée aux questions familiales par rapport aux autres aspects de la vie. Ceci nous porte à croire qu'il faut considérer deux éléments lorsqu'il s'agit de mieux comprendre le mariage et la procreation, soit la hiérarchie sexuelle et les points de vue des particuliers sur le roLle des hommes et des femmes dans notre société. Based on open-ended interviews with 95 married women aged 18 to 45, the authors explore basic orientations toward marriage, children, work and family policy. While women with more traditional gender role orientations are contrasted with those who hold more egalitarian views, there are striking similarities among the women in the sample. In particular, marriage and children are clearly preferred. The differences relate to the family strategies associated with the timing of marriage and births and the priority given to family questions in comparison to other aspects of life. This leads the authors to conclude that both gender structures in society and gender role orientations of individuals are important in understanding marriage and childbearing.     

Life in the Corporation: A Multi-Method Study of the Experiences of Male and Female Asian,Black, Hispanic and White Employees

Organizational experiences of male and female Asian, Black, Hispanic and White managers in a Fortune 500 company were examined using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Oral histories were conducted to identify the antecedents to advancement within this organization. We used focus groups to expand our understanding of these antecedents and to determine differences among the racial/ethnic groups according to gender. Data from a follow-up survey of 1,645 employees were subjected to MANCOVA to determine race/ethnicity and gender effects, controlling for the effect of organizational tenure. Main effects for race/ethnicity were found on three measures and main effects for gender were found on eight measures. Follow-up size-of-effect tests (eta squared) revealed that the strength of the relationship was strong for two significant gender findings and one significant race finding.     

What is applied demography?

Applied demography has recently gained recognition as an emergent specialization among practicing demographers. We argue that applied demography is intrinsically distinct from basic demography because it exhibits the value-orientation and empirical characteristics of a decision-making science while the latter exhibits the value-orientation and empirical hallmarks of a basic science. Distinguishing characteristics of applied demography are based on the context in which it places precision and explanatory power relative to time and resources as well as the fact its substantive problems are largely exogenously-defined, usually by customers. The substantive problems of basic demography, on the other hand, are largely endogenously-defined, usually by academic demographers. Moreover, basic demography is primarily concerned with offering convincing explanations of demographic phenomena and tends to view time and resources as barriers to surmount in order to maximize precision and explanatory power. This context is very different from the one in which applied demography is embedded, which views explanatory power and precision in terms of doing what is necessary to support practical decision-making while minimizing time and resources. We examine this conceptualization of applied demography in terms of the methods and materials that fall within its purview and discuss some important consequences, including research agendas and training programs. We conclude by posing several important but unanswered questions about the actual and potential scope of applied demography and discuss some of the implications inherent in these questions.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Demographic Association, 20 October 1995, Richmond, Virginia, USA.     

Prediction of Positive Peer Relations from Observed Parent–Child Interactions

The nature of 7-year-old children's (n = 140) positive peer relations was examined using a multi-method, multi-agent approach. A confirmatory factor analysis suggested three factors clustered by reporting agent and method: teachers' perceptions of the child's positive attributes, observation of the child-peer interaction in three play settings, and observation of the child-peer interaction in a teaching context. Similar pathways were found for boys and girls. Once it was established that stable constructs could be developed to measure positive peer relations, earlier parent-child characteristics were examined to assess their utility in predicting children's positive friendships. Parental scaffolding and warmth were measured at 18 months and 5 years of age. Structural equation modeling suggests that positive parent interactions were positively related to later peer relations, but this relationship was significant only for boys. Possible explanations for this sex difference are discussed.     

African American Lesbian and Bisexual Women

This article explores the convergence of racism, sexism, and heterosexism in the lives of African American women, particularly lesbian and bisexual women, and its effects on the development of their sexuality and sexual identity. Specifics of this discussion focus on African American women, however, the struggles reflected in their development of a personal identity exemplify the kinds of struggles that most women of color encounter. These struggles are reflected in the need to negotiate a dominant culture that devalues women, people of color, and lesbians; the need to master and integrate the cultural derivatives of one's own ethnic group; the need to manage relationships with family, community, and partners; and the need to form a consolidated personal identity.