相变的分类及其特征

本文以吉布斯自由能的偏微商作为相变分类的依据,为相变特征指明了理论根据．并给出了示例．     

Mothers and fathers in treatment for methamphetamine addiction—Parenting,parental stress,and children at risk

Parents addicted to methamphetamine (“crystal meth”) are likely to be impaired in meeting parental responsibilities, and the developmental settings can be highly disadvantageous for children. Therefore, parenting by methamphetamine‐addicted mothers and fathers needs further exploration, while considering the impact on children affected by parental substance use. In our study, we analysed parenting practices and parental stress as well as children's behavioural problems using standardized assessments. The sample consisted of 87 methamphetamine‐addicted parents in recovery. We obtained data on parents' current substance use and on their psychological distress. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of children's overall problems. Parents reported high levels of parental and psychological distress, even after achieving abstinence. Especially depressive perceptions of parenthood appeared problematic. While recovering from methamphetamine addiction, parents exhibited a precarious psychosocial situation and problematic parenting behaviour. Dysfunctional parenting practices were evident in both indifferent and overreactive tendencies. Children were at risk of behavioural and emotional problems. Variables associated with parenting showed significant predictive value for children's overall problems, beyond current substance use, and psychological distress. These findings are discussed in terms of a family‐oriented perspective in order to promote parenting capabilities of methamphetamine‐addicted parents and to prevent problematic development of their children.     

Testing for lack of dependence in the functional linear model

The authors consider the linear model Y_n = ψX_n + ?_n relating a functional response with explanatory variables. They propose a simple test of the nullity of ψ based on the principal component decomposition. The limiting distribution of their test statistic is chi‐squared, but this distribution is also an excellent approximation in finite samples. The authors illustrate their method using data from terrestrial magnetic observatories.     

论20世纪初叶中国女翻译家群体的崛起

在中国20世纪初叶翻译文学的极大繁荣中,出现了一批成绩卓著的女翻译家.她们突破传统对女性的禁忌,积极参与文学翻译,从家庭私人空间走进了公共领域;在以男性为主导的启蒙和新文学运动中,引进新的文学形式,传播新的观念;在翻译活动中插入了女性对异域文化和性别问题的叙述视角和观察体验,为文本的阐释和表达增添了不同于男性的女性视角,展现出中西文化剧烈冲击时期中国现代性的另一个侧面.     

Socio-historical paths of the male breadwinner model - an explanation of cross-national differences

It is often assumed that in the historical transformation to modern industrial society, the integration of women into the economy occurred everywhere as a three‐phase process: in pre‐modern societies, the extensive integration of women into societal production; then, their wide exclusion with the shift to industrial society; and finally, their re‐integration into paid work during the further course of modernization. Results from the author's own international comparative study of the historical development of the family and the economic integration of women have shown that this was decidedly not the case even for western Europe. Hence the question arises: why is there such historical variation in the development and importance of the housewife model of the male breadwinner family? In the article, an explanation is presented. It is argued that the historical development of the urban bourgeoisie was especially significant for the historical destiny of this cultural model: the social and political strength of the urban bourgeoisie had central societal importance in the imposition of the housewife model of the male breadwinner family as the dominant family form in a given society. In this, it is necessary to distinguish between the imposition of the breadwinner marriage at the cultural level on the one hand, and at the level of social practice in the family on the other.     

论国际法院的行政司法职能

学界普遍认为 ,国际法院的司法职能仅包括解决国家间争端和为联合国机构提供咨询意见两个方面。但是 ,通过研究我们发现 ,国际法院通过其内部的“二级立法” ,事实上在法院行政当局和法院职员之间建立了一套完整的职员案件司法解决机制。这使得国际法院在原来的两个司法职能之外 ,又扩展出新的行政司法职能 ,使法院同时又成为了它自己的行政法庭。作者认为 ,这一发展对于国际法院来讲是必需和有益的 ,但在理论上却有不少可疑之处 ,特别是与《国际法院规约》的抵触问题值得关注     

20世纪五六十年代中国重型机械技术发展初探

20世纪五六十年代,中国优先发展重工业和国防工业,重型机械制造业随之成为发展迅速的新兴产业。一系列举措促使重型机械技术的发展经历了从修配、仿制、自主研发重大产品的三个阶段。苏联援助、自力更生和“三线建设”等若干因素影响重型机械的技术发展。在此期间,国家强有力的政策指向、薄弱的工业基础、较强的技术引进和消化吸收的能力,决定了中国重型机械技术发展所走的道路。     

加强科技统计理论与方法的研究

科技统计是从数量方面对科学技术活动的状况进行客观的反映,它从总体上揭示和研究科学技术发展的数量规律性。例如,科技活动的规模、水平、发展速度和布局,等等。这就为综合评价科技发展状况,研究制定科技发展规划和科技管理政策等方面的工作提供了科学的依据。1991年8月,国家统计局召开的全国科技统计工作会议,对进一步认识科技统计的重要性,统一思想、统一行动,全面推进科技统计工作的发展产生了重大影响。但是,要把我国的科技统计提高到新的水平,尚有许多具体问题需要研究解决,本文仅就科技统计理论与方法方面的问题谈一些看法。     

Field study of age-differentiated strain for assembly line workers in the automotive industry

A field study in an automotive supply industry company was conducted to explore age-differentiated strain of assembly line workers. Subjective and objective data from 23 female workers aged between 27 and 57 years were collected at the workplace belt buckle assembly during morning shifts. Subjects with medication or chronic diseases affecting heart rate and breath rate were excluded. For subjective data generation different questionnaires were used. Before the Work Ability Index and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire were completed by the subjects. Short questionnaires (strain-ratings, NASA-TLX) directly at begin and end of the work were used for obtaining shift-related data. During the whole shift (6 a.m. - 2.45 p.m.) bodily functions were logged with a wireless chest strap. In addition, the motion of the hand-arm-system was recorded for 30 times, 3 minutes each after a fixed time-schedule. First results show that younger subjects need significant less time for assembly (mean = 14.940 s) compared to older subjects (mean = 17.040 s; t(472.026) = -9.278 , p < 0.01).