Modern marriage and ancient evidence

Harvey J. Graff, The Legacies of Literacy. Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society (1987), x + 493 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, $57.50).

Miri Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge (1987), xiv + 365 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £30.00).

Herbert P. Bix, Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590–1884 (1986), xxxviii + 296 (Yale University Press, £30.00).

Stephen Vlastos, Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan (1986), xii + 184 (University of California Press, £16.95).

Howard Newby, Country Life: A Social History of Rural England (1987), 250 (Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, £14.95).

Pat Hudson, The Genesis of Industrial Capital: A Study of the West Riding Wool Textile Industry c. 1750–1850 (1986), xiii + 345 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £25.00).

R. J. Morris (ed.), Class, Power and Social Structure in British Nineteenth‐century Towns (1986), xiii + 222 (Leicester University Press, Leicester, £27.50).

Barbara Caine, Destined to be Wives. The Sisters of Beatrice Webb (1986), xvi + 276 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, £15.00).

Pat Jalland, Women, Marriage and Politics 1860–1914 (1986), xii + 366 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £19.50).

Frederick Cooper, On the African Waterfront. Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa (1987), xvi + 290 (Yale University Press, New Haven, £25.00).

Donald Howard Bell, Sesto San Giovanni. Workers, Culture, and Politics in an Italian Town, 1880–1922 (1986), 295 (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick and London, $38.00).

Alice A. Kelikian, Town and Country under Fascism. The Transformation of Brescia 1915–1926 (1986), 228 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £25.00).

David Gartman, Auto Slavery: The Labour Process in the American Automobile Industry, 1897–1950 (1986), xv + 348 (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, $19.95).

Arthur J. Kuhn, GM Passes Ford, 1918–38: Designing the General Motors Performance‐Control System (1986), xii + 380 (Pennsylvania University Press, $29.75).

Steve Jefferys, Management and Managed: Fifty Years of Crisis at Chrysler (1986), xiv + 290 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £25.00).

Paul Buhle, Marxism in the USA: From 1870 to the Present (1987), 299 (Verso, paperback £8.95).

D.C. Coleman, History and the Economic Past: An Account of the Rise and Decline of Economic History in Britain (1987), 150 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £17.50).     

Reviews

Barry Hindess and Paul Q. Hirst, Pre‐capitalist Modes of Production (1975), 354 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, £7.50).

Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (1975), xiii+265 (Schocken Books, New York, $8.95).

Alan Macfarlane (ed.), The Diary of Ralph Josselin 1616–1683 (Records of Social and Economic History, New Series, III, 1976), xxvi+728 (Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, £20).

Cissie C. Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity in Aix‐en‐Proveace, 1640–1789 (1976), xii+197 (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, £9.70).

Ansley J. Coale (ed.), Economic Factors in Population Growth (1976), xviii+600 (Macmillan, £20.00).

Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (1974, paperback ed. 1976), xxi+423 (Pantheon Books, New York, $15.00; Vintage Books, New York, $4.95).

K. S. Inglis, The Australian Colonists: an Exploration of Social History 1788–1870 (1974), xxii+316 (Melbourne University Press and Prentice Hall, Melbourne, £10.40).

Christer Winberg, Folkökning och proletarisering. Kring den sociala stnikturomvandling på Sveriges landsbygd under den agrara revolutionen (1975), 344 (Meddelanden från Historiska Institutionen i Göteborg 10, Gothenburg). (Population growth and proletarianization. The transformation of social structures in the Swedish countryside during the agricultural revolution)

Uno Gustafson, Industrialismens storstad. Studier rörande Stockholms sociala, ekonomiska och demografiska struktur 1860–1910 (1976), 290 (Monografier utgivna av Stockholms kommunalförvaltning, 37, Stockholm). (Industrialism's Metropolis. Studies in the social, economic and demographic structure of Stockholm 1860–1910)

John M. Merriman (ed.), 1830 in France (1976), 232 (Croom Helm and New Viewpoints, London and New York, £5.00).

Derek Fraser (ed.), The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century (1976), 218 (Macmillan, £5.95, paperback £2.95).

C. A. Bayly, The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad 1880–1920 (1975), xviii+314 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £10.00).

Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and a World Without War. The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892–1914 (1976), xiv+487 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, £16, paperback £6.20).

Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow, Interwar Britain: A Social and Economic History (1976), 276 (George Allen and Unwin, £5.95, paperback £2.95).     

Vocal and Physiological Changes in Response to the Physical Attractiveness of Conversational Partners

We examined how individuals may change their voices when speaking to attractive versus unattractive individuals, and if it were possible for others to perceive these vocal changes. In addition, we examined if any concurrent physiological effects occurred when speaking with individuals who varied in physical attractiveness. We found that both sexes used a lower-pitched voice and showed a higher level of physiological arousal when speaking to the more attractive, opposite-sex target. Furthermore, independent raters evaluated the voice samples directed toward the attractive target (versus the unattractive target) as sounding more pleasant when the two voice samples from the same person presented had a reasonably perceptually noticeable difference in pitch. These findings may have implications for the role voice plays in mate selection and attraction.     

Testing for Mutual Exclusivity

A test for two events being mutually exclusive is presented for the case in which there are known rates of misclassification of the events. The test can be utilized in other situations, such as to test whether a set is a subset of another set. In the test, the null value of the probability of the intersection is replaced by the expected value of the number determined to be in the intersection by the imperfect diagnostic tools. The test statistic is the number in a sample that is judged to be in the intersection. Medical testing applications are emphasized.     

Job Search Techniques as Employment Channels: Differential Effects on the Initial Employment Success of College Graduates

A conceptual framework suggests that employers will favor applicants from specific employment channels (job search techniques) depending on the qualifications sought. Logistic regression was used to analyze the responses of 1012 baccalaureate graduates to a survey 1 month after graduation. The results support the proposition that alternative search techniques have differential effects depending on the qualifications offered. All search techniques except 1 revealed interaction effects, favoring or limiting graduates with specific characteristics such as appropriate specialization and higher ability. Direct contact with employers and early initiation of search contributed directly to initial baccalaureate-level employment.     

Agent or Steward: The Target CEO in a Hostile Takeover: Can a Condemned Agent be Redeemed?

This article examines the differences, tensions and overlaps between agency and stewardship theories of corporate governance. The context is a hostile bid for Blue Circle Industries, a FTSE 100 company, and the focus is upon its Chief Executive Officer’s actions in response. CEOs occupy a position of pivotal importance during such takeover bids, and it is salient to examine their resultant motivations and payoffs. While agency theory suggests that CEOs may act in self-interested ways, diverging from the interests of shareholders, ongoing stewardship theory sees CEOs as fundamentally honest and caring about their company and shareholders’ interests. The hostile bid is an opportunity for the target CEO to fight at any cost, or to act in the best interests of stakeholders.In examining the target CEO’s actions, this article suggests there is more complexity than these two theories acknowledge and the relationship between them is not one of simple opposition. The article identifies a framework for making sense of CEO/stakeholder relationships, and highlights the importance to boards of understanding how CEOs manage differential stakeholder pressures over time.