Subjective well-being as a function of age and gender: A multivariate look for differentiated trends

Studies on subjective well-being (SWB) suggest that its cognitive aspect, or life satisfaction, is positively correlated with age, whereas its affective aspect, often separated into positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), is negatively correlated with age. Gender differences in SWB are usually small. The present study attempted to explore these trends in an Israeli sample of 447 community-dwelling people aged 21 to 87, with special reference to relatively unattended issues as the effect of control variables on the affective aspect and the feasible age by gender interaction in SWB. The results showed that Cantril's Self-Anchoring Scale (SAS), Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale (ABS), and Neugarten et al.'s Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) were all significantly and negatively correlated with age. No significant gender differences emerged, but a significant age by gender interaction was found in SAS and LSIA. Controlling for personal variables (education, health, place of birth, and marital status) could wipe out the age effects on SAS and LSIA, but not on ABS. By the same procedure, the age by gender interaction could be wiped out in SAS, and substantially reduced in LSIA. The age effect on ABS was mainly due to PA, rather than NA. The results indicate the differential impact of personal variables on the aspects of SWB. Refering to the Israeli context, it seems that both cohort- and aging-related variables account for the decline of life satisfaction in the older subjects. Age-associated decline of affect is apparently connected to some other adaptive mechanisms, which regulate both positive and negative affect in old age.     

Work–Family Conflict Among Employees and the Self-Employed Across Europe

This article examines the level of work–family conflict of self-employed persons, a changing but neglected group in work–life research, compared to employees in Europe. Differences between the two groups are explained by looking at job demands and resources. The inclusion of work–family state support makes it possible to examine differences between countries. Multilevel analysis has been applied to data from the European Social Survey (ESS 2010). The results show that job demands and resources operate differently for employees and the self-employed. The relationship between employment type and WFC is mediated mainly by job demands such as working hours, working at short notice, job insecurity and supervisory work. The results also reveal variation across countries that cannot be explained by state support, signalling the need for a more complete understanding of WFC from a cross-national perspective.     

The spread of urbanization in England and Wales, 1851–1951

Each county in England and Wales has been classified as rural or urban for each of the decennial census years 1851–1951. One index has been used as the basis for these classifications, the percentage of adult males occupied in agriculture. Thus, for each census year a value, in term of this index, was fixed as the criterion to determine whether a county was rural or urban in that year. This criterion of classification varies, over time. This is to allow for the reduction in the percentage of adult males occupied in agriculture as a result of structural changes in the occupational distribution (associated with general modernization), rather than through a shift away from agriculture. The geographical patterns of urbanization in England and Wales during the period 1851–1951, and some associated social and economic changes, are discussed in the paper.     

The relationship of the frequency of masturbation to several aspects of personality and behavior∗

Some sexual dysfunctioning may be due to a drug side effect. This paper cites 118 brand name drugs that have sexual side effects. These drugs (primarily psychotropic) are presented in chart form for easy reference. In Section I, drugs are listed alphabetically by brand name, along with the sexual side effect(s), and possible medical use. Section II, lists alphabetically, the generic and chemical names of the brand name drugs found in Section I. This provides a listing of all brand name drugs having the same basic chemical components.     

Reviews

International Law in the Service of Soviet Anti‐Zionism

L.A. Modzhoryan, Sionizm kak forma rasizma i rasovoy diskriminatsii (Zionism as a Form of Racism and Racial Discrimination). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1979. 240 pp.

‘White Book’ Against the Jewish Emigration Movement

L.N. Smirnov and others (eds), Belaya kniga: svidetelstva, fakty, dokumenty (White Book: Evidence, Facts, Documents). Moscow: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1979. 280 pp. 1.20 roubles.

‘Academic’ Exposition of Soviet Policy

Evgeny Primakov, Anatomiya blizhnevostochnogo konflikta (The Anatomy of the Middle East Conflict). Moscow: Mysl, 1978. 374 pp. Index.

A Report on Human Rights

Human Rights in the Soviet Union: Report of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1979. xxi+211 pp. Maps. Diagrams. Appendices.

A Monument to Polish Jewry

Moshe Mishkinsky (ed.). Galed. Measef le‐toledot yahadut polin (Galed. On the History of Jews in Poland*). Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4–5. Tel‐Aviv: Tel‐Aviv University, 1973–79.

Romanian Jewry Between the Wars

Shlomo Bickel, Yahadut Romania. Historia, Bikoret Sifrutit, Zikhronot (The Jews of Romania. History, Criticism, Recollections). Tel Aviv: The Association of Romanian Emigrants in Israel and The Groper Legacy Literary Committee, 1978. 429 pp.