A Cognitive‐Affective Scale for Hurricane Risk Perception

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and valid measure of hurricane risk perception. The utility of such a measure lies in the need to understand how people make decisions when facing an evacuation order. This study included participants located within a 15‐mile buffer of the Gulf and southeast Atlantic U.S. coasts. The study was executed as a three‐wave panel with mail surveys in 2010–2012 (T₀ baseline N = 629, 56%; T₁ retention N = 427, 75%; T₂ retention N = 350, 89%). An inventory based on the psychometric model was developed to discriminate cognitive and affective perceptions of hurricane risk, and included open‐ended responses to solicit additional concepts in the T₀ survey. Analysis of the T₀ data modified the inventory and this revised item set was fielded at T₁ and then replicated at T₂. The resulting scales were assessed for validity against existing measures for perception of hurricane risk, dispositional optimism, and locus of control. A measure of evacuation expectation was also examined as a dependent variable, which was significantly predicted by the new measures. The resulting scale was found to be reliable, stable, and largely valid against the comparison measures. Despite limitations involving sample size, bias, and the strength of some reliabilities, it was concluded that the measure has potential to inform approaches to hurricane preparedness efforts and advance planning for evacuation messages, and that the measure has good promise to generalize to other contexts in natural hazards as well as other domains of risk.     

The Presidio Trust legislation: preservation or privatization?

This analysis of the Presidio Trust legislation places the recent developments on the Presidio in the context of a century and a half of environmental planning. By first exploring the Presidio's history, and then tracing the more recent legislative background to the Presidio Trust, the author establishes a clear frame through which to explore the current challenges that face the Presidio Trust. This paper argues that history, legislative intent, and specific legal precedent will protect the Presidio from being "sold off," despite growing local concerns that the Presidio Trust's mandate to become financially self-sufficient within 15 years may drive the public's interests from the park. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Do honesty and high ethical standards really pay?

This question is considered from the personal side as well as the organizational side. An attempt is made to avoid purely philosophical arguments, but instead to list specific ways honesty and high ethical standards either do pay or do not pay. No absolute conclusion, “yes” or “no”, can be drawn since there are times and situations when, if not managed carefully, honesty and high ethical standards can work to the detriment of both the individual and the corporation. Sources of honesty and high ethical standards are also examined from both the individual and organizational perspectives. The best situation is when there is strong individual and corporate commitment buttressed by supporting structures that balance the needs of individuals, their companies, and society as a whole.     

笔谈：历史视野中的水环境与水资源

水乃生命之源,与人类的日常生活息息相关。因此,对水资源的治理、利用贯穿着整个人类史。在中国古代,如何处理黄河、长江两大水系问题是解决国家水资源问题中至关重要的环境议题,对此,中华民族在与自然持久的互动中始终积极作为。这样的努力同样体现在对大运河水利网络的部署中。历史表明,从最基本的民间生活用水所需到国家层面的水治理战略,从内地城乡生活用水的匮乏到沿海居民获取淡水的艰难,水在社会的各个层次和角落里都是不容忽视的重要因素。     

E-Research: Ethics, Security, Design, and Control in Psychological Research on the Internet

Differences between traditional laboratory research and Internet-based research require a review of basic issues of research methodology. These differences have implications for research ethics (e.g., absence of researcher, potential exposure of confidential data and/or identity to a third party, guaranteed debriefing) and security (e.g., confidentiality and anonymity, security of data transmission, security of data storage, and tracking participants over time). We also review basic design issues a researcher should consider before implementing an Internet study, including the problem of participant self-selection and loss of experimental control on the Internet laboratory. An additional challenge for Internet-based research is the increased opportunity for participant misbehavior, intentional or otherwise. We discuss methods to detect and minimize these threats to the validity of Internet-based research.     

Testing a “Push–Pull” theory of work commitment among organizational professionals

Writers have suggested that the current trend toward decreased job security requires employees to commit more strongly to newly “professionalized” occupations to compensate for social and resource support no longer received from their employers. And it has sometimes been implied that such a shift toward increased professional commitment will arise naturally as organizational commitment is whittled away by perceived job insecurity. We propose that job insecurity does not automatically push the employee toward professional commitment, but rather that such commitment stems from the pull of perceived occupational professionalization. We construct a nonrecursive model proposing relationships between job insecurity, perceived professionalization, and both organizational and professional commitment. This model is supported (using structural equation modeling) in a study of 622 employees in 3 occupations: corporate law, human resource management, and computer programming, all of which can be considered professions or semiprofessions. Finally, we suggest how occupations can be fashioned better to support employees when faced with job insecurity and job loss.     

Left Out: Trust and Social Capital Among Migrant Seasonal Farmworkers*

Objectives. We analyze the levels of trust and social capital among an understudied group: migrant seasonal farmworkers (MSFW). MSFWs of today are likely to become the “Hispanics” of tomorrow, which means that understanding what affects the development of social capital of this group is critical to understanding how these individuals are incorporated—or not—into the U.S. polity. Methods. We utilize logistic regression analysis and ordered logit analysis to analyze a data set of 555 MSFWs and comments from four focus groups in Idaho. Results. We find that MSFWs have lower levels of generalized trust than do Hispanics nationally. We also find that MSFWs have low levels of trust toward whites and Mexican Americans. Conclusions. We argue that an ethnic community's subgroups must be incorporated into our analysis of social capital, especially when these individuals are likely to become U.S. permanent residents or citizens.     

The Speeding Attitude Scale and the Role of Sensation Seeking in Profiling Young Drivers at Risk

Seven driving attitude scales representing driving behaviors and beliefs about driving were created and initially validated using 257 undergraduate students (168 females, 89 males) in Study 1. However, the Speeding Attitude Scale (SAS) accounted for most of the strength of the intercorrelations among these scales and discriminant classification analyses showed that SAS dominated the other scales as a sufficient explanation for having speeding tickets. Study 2, using 180 students (75 males, 105 females), replicated findings regarding the significant but low correlation between SAS and speeding tickets, and was significantly correlated with Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). Replication also showed that males had higher SAS scores and more speeding tickets. Accidents were typically a function of sex, increasing age, and variables related to recent accident history. Objective sources of speeding attitude confirmation may enhance the future validity of the SAS. Potential interventions for being a safe passenger and attitudinal control in the training of young drivers were discussed.     

Understanding Human Capital Through Multiple Disciplines: The Educational Needs Index

Through a focus on the external and internal benefits of education,this study examines the link between educational attainment and socialwelfare at the country level in Tennessee. The ``Educational Needs Index'presented includes twenty country-level variables that reflect participationrates in postsecondary education, educational attainment levels, employmentpatterns, population growth, and socioeconomic status of residents. Allowingfor comparison amongst all of the counties, the index classifies thosedisplaying the need for increased efforts to deliver education and/orremove participation barriers.     

Setting the House on Fire: The Melbourne Interview With Salvador Minuchin

Brian Stagoll interviewed Minuchin via satellite in front of a conference plenary audience at the Inaugural Pan Pacific Family Therapy Congress in Melbourne, 2001. Minuchin looks back over his working life, and weaves the various leaders of the family therapy field in the US into an ‘American Quilt’. He also responds to questions about his own impact on the field, and his prediction that by 2000, family therapy would be triumphant.