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71.
Chris Desmond Jeff Gow Heidi Loening-Voysey Theresa Wilson Bridget Stirling 《Evaluation and program planning》2002,25(4):217
By 2010 there will be close to two million orphans in South Africa, mainly as a result of HIV/AIDS. This paper assesses different approaches to the care and support of children orphaned by AIDS and other vulnerable children, as well as the cost-effectiveness of each approach. Using a typology of care and essential elements of care, six approaches are evaluated: informal, non-statutory foster care; community-based support; home-based care; unregistered residential care; statutory adoption and fostering; and statutory residential care. A cost-effectiveness analysis assessed actual programs and the costs of providing a minimum standard of care for the six approaches. High costs are associated with formal models of care. Informal approaches may lack the resources to meet children's rights. Resources should be largely allocated to the more cost-effective, informal, community-based structures, but formal models will still be needed for those children who cannot be placed elsewhere. 相似文献
72.
73.
Bridget L. Anderson 《Journal of Sociolinguistics》2002,6(1):86-98
In this paper I present evidence that Detroit African Americans are participating in a recent sound change which is typically associated with some White, but not African American, varieties in the American South. Although both Southern White and African American speakers monophthongize /ai/ in pre-voiced phonetic contexts ( tide ), the spread of the monophthongal or glide-reduced variant to pre-voiceless environments ( tight ) is a salient characteristic of some subregions of the Southern U.S. I report a leveling pattern in which /ai/ monophthongization has expanded to the salient pre-voiceless context in Detroit African American English (AAE). I explain this is in terms of a change in the group with whom African American speakers perceive themselves as saliently contrastive. 相似文献
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75.
Clapp JD Holmes MR Reed MB Shillington AM Freisthler B Lange JE 《Evaluation review》2007,31(5):469-489
In recent years researchers have paid substantial attention to the issue of college students' alcohol use. One limitation to the current literature is an over reliance on retrospective, self-report survey data. This article presents field methodologies for measuring college students' alcohol consumption in natural drinking environments. Specifically, we present the methodology from a large field study of student drinking environments along with some illustrative data from the same study. Field surveys, observational methods, sampling issues, and breath alcohol concentration sample collection are detailed. 相似文献
76.
Cayce C. Hughes Kristen Schilt Bridget K. Gorman Jenifer L. Bratter 《Gender, Work and Organization》2017,24(4):398-416
Drawing on 48 interviews with science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) doctoral students at a private research university in the United States (US), we examine how students make sense of the preponderance of men at the faculty level despite increasing gender parity among students. Students' primary explanatory frame, historical bias, suggests that the gender gap will disappear when enough women attain their doctorates (PhDs). Competing frames include innate and constructed gender difference and the perceived incompatibility between a woman's body clock and an academic tenure clock. We argue that the frames that students use to explain the gender gap shed light on the cultural context of STEM, which is characterized by a tension between the belief in a meritocratic system and the acknowledgement of structural inequality. We suggest that men and women's preference for explanations that preclude bias, in light of women students' own experiences with sexism in graduate school, contributes to the reproduction of inequality by rendering invisible structural barriers to gender equality. 相似文献
77.
Bridget Roache Jennifer Kelly 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(3):e216-e221
Background
Priorities of the National Maternity Services Plan (NMSP) are a significant contrast to current standard hospital maternity service provision. This paper demonstrates the applicability of case study methods to explore the views of midwives during a period of midwifery reform.Aim
This research aims to highlight key findings and insights surrounding recommended changes facing midwives that can be shared with education providers to incorporate strategies into education programs to ensure contemporary midwifery practice.Methods
Exploratory Case Study methodology was employed using ethical processes and designing semi-structured interview questions to explore participants’ views. Purposive sampling ensured participants were currently practicing midwives in order to reflect the perspective and intent of this study. Data were analysed and findings presented in categories and subcategories.Results
Case Study methodology enables an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon to be explored within a natural context. The participants of this study formed a single unit of analysis to ensure the research makes a worthwhile contribution to the profession of midwifery.Conclusion
This paper demonstrates that Case Study methodology is a valid research approach to exploring the views of midwives employed in standard care settings during a period of national reform. The rigorous processes and versatility of Case Study methodology ensured a systematic, critical enquiry was undertaken to gain understanding of the views of participants in implementing the NMSP. This understanding is reflective of the real life contexts of midwives to promote understanding and provide a body of knowledge where there is ambiguity and uncertainty. 相似文献78.
79.
A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Vick SJ Waller BM Parr LA Smith Pasqualini MC Bard KA 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2007,31(1):1-20
A comparative perspective has remained central to the study of human facial expressions since Darwin’s [(1872/1998). The expression
of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press] insightful observations on the presence and
significance of cross-species continuities and species-unique phenomena. However, cross-species comparisons are often difficult
to draw due to methodological limitations. We report the application of a common methodology, the Facial Action Coding System
(FACS) to examine facial movement across two species of hominoids, namely humans and chimpanzees. FACS [Ekman & Friesen (1978).
Facial action coding system. CA: Consulting Psychology Press] has been employed to identify the repertoire of human facial
movements. We demonstrate that FACS can be applied to other species, but highlight that any modifications must be based on
both underlying anatomy and detailed observational analysis of movements. Here we describe the ChimpFACS and use it to compare
the repertoire of facial movement in chimpanzees and humans. While the underlying mimetic musculature shows minimal differences,
important differences in facial morphology impact upon the identification and detection of related surface appearance changes
across these two species.
相似文献
Sarah-Jane VickEmail: |
80.