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51.
Although the problem of accident under-reporting is increasingly recognized in the literature, less is known regarding work environment variables that predict the severity of such under-reporting. Data on perceived job insecurity and on the numbers of both accidents that were experienced and accidents that were actually reported over a period of one year were obtained from 786 employees in 24 US organizations and 563 employees in 20 Italian organizations in sectors where safety is highly relevant. Analysis of these data suggested that not only is job insecurity related to the likelihood of experiencing an accident, but also perceptions of job insecurity may serve to inhibit the reporting of accidents to appropriate company officials. Overall, the rate of accidents was lower in Italy than the United States. Moreover, in both countries, when job insecurity was low, there was little difference between the total number of experienced accidents and the number that employees reported. However, as job insecurity increased, the under-reporting of accidents increased. The implications of these results are discussed in light of the globally increasing prevalence of job insecurity in today's workplace. 相似文献
52.
53.
A new rank correlation index, which can be used to measure the extent of concordance or discordance between two rankings,
is proposed. This index is based on Gini’s mean difference computed on the totals ranks corresponding to each unit and it
turns out to be a special case of a more general measure of the agreement of m rankings. The proposed index can be used in a test for the independence of two criteria used to rank the units of a sample,
against their concordance/discordance. It can then be regarded as a competitor of other classical methods, such as Kendall’s
tau. The exact distribution of the proposed test-statistic under the null hypothesis of independence is studied and its expectation
and variance are determined; moreover, the asymptotic distribution of the test-statistic is derived. Finally, the implementation
of the proposed test and its performance are discussed.
Both the authors contributed equally to this work; however, the actual writing of the paper was as follows: Sects. 2 and 3
are due to C. G. Borroni, Sects. 1 and 4 are due to M. Zenga. 相似文献
54.
Claudio Lupi 《Statistical Methods and Applications》1996,5(3):335-360
Summary The size, power, and robustness properties of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramér-von Mises spectral tests of the martingale
(difference) hypothesis are investigated by Monte Carlo methods. The results highlight a marked superiority of the Cramér-von
Mises with respect to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The paper also shows that the Cramér-von Mises test is simple to compute,
more general and more powerful than other converntionally used tests. 相似文献
55.
Longitudinal studies of neurological disorders suffer almost inevitably from non-compliance, which is likely to be non-ignorable. It is important in these cases to model the response variable and the dropout mechanism jointly. In this article we propose a Monte Carlo version of the EM algorithm that can be used to fit random-coefficient-based dropout models. A linear mixed model is assumed for the response variable and a discrete-time proportional hazards model for the dropout mechanism; these share a common set of random coefficients. The ideas are illustrated using data from a five-year trial assessing the efficacy of two drugs in the treatment of patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. 相似文献
56.
Claudio Michelacci Fabiano Schivardi 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2013,11(2):343-368
Several imperfections can prevent entrepreneurs from diversifying away the idiosyncratic risk of their business. As a result idiosyncratic risk discourages entrepreneurial activity and hinders growth, with the effects being stronger in economies with lower risk diversification opportunities. In accordance with this prediction, we find that OECD countries with low levels of risk diversification opportunities (as measured by the relevance of family firms or of widely held companies) perform relatively worse (in terms of productivity, investment, and business creation) in sectors characterized by high idiosyncratic risk. Differently from previous literature, we allow risk to be country specific. Since risk is endogenous to risk diversification opportunities, we instrument its value using sectoral risk in the United States, a country where idiosyncratic business risk can be more easily diversified away. Tackling the endogeneity of risk and recognizing that it varies by country magnifies the estimated effects of risk on growth. 相似文献
57.
Claudio Gutiérrez 《Theory and Decision》1971,1(4):327-336
The author states first praxeology's dilemma: if its theoremes are a priori in the unidimensional sense in which praxeology seems to be intended, then the theory as represented in the theorem is inapplicable. If it is not a priori in that sense, then praxeology is already defeated. In a concrete analysis of a part of a praxeological system the author shows that the contention which sees economic theory simply as the result of formal deduction starting from an a priori axiom is unfounded. As a language, praxeology is not water-tight; its line of reasoning must always draw from the inarticulate background of professional knowledge. Praxeology can be explained away as a process of dialectical redefinition of concepts, ultimately and inevitably dependent upon empirical hypotheses. 相似文献
58.
In this paper, we discuss the transition from secure employment to risky self-employment (entrepreneurship) caused by a small increase in wealth. Building on the apportioning risk literature, we prove that the transition from secure employment to risky entrepreneurship is based on a measure of the difference between the strength of downside risk aversion and the strength of risk aversion. This result highlights the idea that using the behavioral approach of risky lotteries to study entrepreneurship can produce different results from the traditional economic theory of entrepreneurship, which can have policy implications that must be considered with caution.
相似文献59.
Claudio Balestri 《Public Organization Review》2014,14(2):187-199
Going beyond the deeply examined non-distribution constraint, which refers to the right to residual income, the paper investigates the other side of ownership, i.e. the right to residual control, to discover a general economic rationale for what we call “democracy”: a collective decision-making method based on the principles of equality and inclusiveness. The main result of the analysis is to point to the concept of perfect democracy as an efficient solution for the provision of public goods where other allocative mechanisms, such as the marketplace, fail. 相似文献
60.
In this article, we consider several statistical models for censored exponential data. We prove a large deviation result for the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of each model, and a unique result for the posterior distributions which works well for all the cases. Finally, comparing the large deviation rate functions for MLEs and posterior distributions, we show that a typical feature fails for one model; moreover, we illustrate the relation between this fact and a well-known result for curved exponential models. 相似文献