Evaluating the Use of Commercially Available Wearable Wristbands to Capture Adolescents’ Daily Sleep Duration

Commercially available wearable devices are marketed as a means of objectively capturing daily sleep easily and inexpensively outside of the laboratory. Two ecological momentary assessment studies—with 120 older adolescents (aged 18–19) and 395 younger adolescents (aged 10–16)—captured nightly self‐reported and wearable (Jawbone) recorded sleep duration. Self‐reported and wearable recorded daily sleep duration were moderately correlated (r ~ .50), associations which were stronger on weekdays and among young adolescent boys. Older adolescents self‐reported sleep duration closely corresponded with estimates from the wearable device, but younger adolescents reported having an hour more of sleep, on average, compared to device estimates. Self‐reported, but not wearable‐recorded, sleep duration and quality were consistently associated with daily well‐being measures. Suggestions for the integration of commercially available wearable devices into future daily research with adolescents are provided.     

LISTINGS

A Basic Work on Judaism in the USSR

The Jewish Religion in the Soviet Union, by Joshua Rothenberg. New York, Ktav (in association with Philip W. Lown Graduate Center for Contemporary Jewish Studies, Brandeis University). 1971. 242 pp.

A Volume of Moscow Sermons

Bameitzar Birchat Hazan. Hadranim Vederashot (From Confinement — Praise to the Provider. Teachings and Sermons), by Zalman Nathan Kiselgof. Jerusalem, Mossad Harav Kook. 1970. 320 pp.

The Mandelstam Memoir and the Russian‐Jewish Intelligentsia

Hope against hope, a memoir, Nadezhda Mandelstam. (Tr. from Russian by Max Hayward.) New York, Atheneum Publishers, and London, Harvill Press Ltd. 1970. xiii, 431 pp. Illus. Index. $10.00; £3.15.

A Yiddish Documentary Novel on Russian Camp Life

In Wieser Farfalenkeit (In White Hopelessness), by Jechiel Hofer. Tel‐Aviv, Hamenora Publishing House. 1969. 423 pp.

Sorsfordulo. Iratok Magyarorszag Felszabadulasanak Tortenetehez. 1944 September, 1945 Aprilis (The Turn of Fates. Documents on the History of Hungary's Liberation. September 1944‐April 1945), by Elek Karsai and Magda Solymar (eds). Introduction by Magda Solymar, notes and information by Elek Karsai. Budapest. 1970. Two volumes. 1, 144 pp.     

The Relation of Gender, Personality, and Intelligence to Judges' Accuracy in Judging Strangers' Personality From Brief Video Segments

Fifty-three men and 56 women viewed brief video segments of 32 male targets and rated them on three personality traits: extraversion, neuroticism, and masculinity-femininity (M-F). Judges were assessed on general intelligence, Big Five traits, and gender-related traits. Two measures of accuracy were computed: 1) consensus accuracy, which measured the correlation between judges' ratings and corresponding ratings made by previous judges, and 2) trait accuracy, which measured the correlation between judges' ratings and targets' assessed personality. There was no gender difference in overall accuracy. However, women showed higher trait accuracy than men in judging neuroticism. Consensus accuracy exceeded trait accuracy, and extraversion and M-F were judged more accurately than neuroticism. M-F judgments showed the highest level of consensus accuracy. Judges' intelligence correlated positively with accuracy. Except for openness, personality traits were generally unrelated to accuracy.     

DOES ECONOMIC FREEDOM AFFECT THE PRODUCTION FRONTIER? A SEMIPARAMETRIC APPROACH WITH PANEL DATA

This paper applies a multistep semiparametric stochastic production frontier estimator to investigate the effects of economic freedom (EF) on the production frontier and technical efficiency. We allow output elasticities and technical efficiency to depend on EF, estimate a smooth coefficient stochastic production frontier, and compare with parametric alternatives. Our results highlight the flexibility of semiparametric approaches as we find parametric approaches are too restrictive in estimating marginal productivity. Output elasticities of labor, human capital, and physical capital vary with the level of EF and our average efficiency estimates are at least 20% higher than those obtained from parametric counterparts. (JEL C14, O43)     

On statistical tests of functional connectome fingerprinting

Fingerprinting of functional connectomes is an increasingly standard measure of reproducibility in functional magnetic resonance imaging connectomics. In such studies, one attempts to match a subject's first session image with their second, in a blinded fashion, in a group of subjects measured twice. The number or percentage of correct matches is usually reported as a statistic, which is then used in permutation tests. Despite the simplicity and increasing popularity of such procedures, the soundness of the statistical tests, the power, and the factors impacting the test are unstudied. In this article, we investigate the statistical tests of matching based on exchangeability assumption in the fingerprinting analysis. We show that a nearly universal Poisson(1) approximation applies for different matching schemes. We theoretically investigate the permutation tests and explore the issue that the test is overly sensitive to uninteresting directions in the alternative hypothesis, such as clustering due to familial status or demographics. We perform a numerical study on two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting‐state datasets, the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). These datasets are instructive, as the HCP includes technical replications of long scans and includes monozygotic and dizygotic twins, as well as non‐twin siblings. In contrast, the BLSA study incorporates more typical length resting‐state scans in a longitudinal study. Finally, a study of single regional connections is performed on the HCP data.     

The Detection of Nonnegligible Directional Effects With Associated Measures of Statistical Significance

ABSTRACT

When comparing two treatment groups, the objectives are often to (1) determine if the difference between groups (the effect) is of scientific interest, or nonnegligible, and (2) determine if the effect is positive or negative. In practice, a p-value corresponding to the null hypothesis that no effect exists is used to accomplish the first objective and a point estimate for the effect is used to accomplish the second objective. This article demonstrates that this approach is fundamentally flawed and proposes a new approach. The proposed method allows for claims regarding the size of an effect (nonnegligible vs. negligible) and its nature (positive vs. negative) to be made, and provides measures of statistical significance associated with each claim.     

THE SHIFTS IN LEAD-LAG PROPERTIES OF THE U.S. BUSINESS CYCLE

We document shifts in the lead-lag properties of the U.S. business cycle since the mid-1980s. Specifically, (1) the well-known inverted leading indicator property of real interest rates has completely vanished; (2) labor productivity switched from positively leading to negatively lagging output and labor inputs over the cycle; and (3) the unemployment rate shifted from lagging productivity negatively to leading positively. Many contemporary business cycle models produce counterfactual cross-correlations revealing that popular frictions and shocks provide an incomplete account of business cycle comovement. Determining the underlying sources of these shifts in the lead-lag properties and their consequences for macroeconomic forecasts is therefore a promising direction for future research. (JEL E24, E32, E43)