Simple estimation of the mode of a multivariate density

The authors consider an estimate of the mode of a multivariate probability density using a kernel estimate drawn from a random sample. The estimate is defined by maximizing the kernel estimate over the set of sample values. The authors show that this estimate is strongly consistent and give an almost sure rate of convergence. This rate depends on the sharpness of the density near the true mode, which is measured by a peak index.     

Safe Cities programming and campaigning in the ActionAid Federation

In 2011, ActionAid International embarked on an ambitious new programme to prevent violence against women in urban public spaces. By the end of 2014, 13 countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America were operating dedicated Safe Cities for Women programming. This article discusses the development of the Safe Cities Programme approach, highlighting how ActionAid has situated its work within – and in response to – the historic feminist global Safe Cities movement. It uses case studies from Nepal and Cambodia to illustrate the importance of coalition and movement building to secure policy change. We reflect on the sensitivities of an international NGO inhabiting space historically occupied by social movements.     

The Changing Vogue of Liberalism

In the current era of high-stakes testing and accountability, many social studies teachers struggle to find creative ways to add depth and authenticity to a broad, shallow curriculum. Teachers can use the time after tests are administered for students to reflect back on the social studies curriculum and select topics they want to study more deeply by digging “postholes,” or inquiries into questions, persons, processes, or events of their choosing. This article describes one teacher's efforts to implement an inquiry project in which she conferred with her students individually to formulate research questions and a research strategy and gave them opportunities to publicly and authentically share their work.     

Measuring disproportionality,volatility and malapportionment: axiomatization and solutions

The measurement of disproportionality, volatility and malapportionment often employ similar indices. Yet the debate on the issue of adequate measurement has remained open. We offer a formal and rigorous list of properties that roughly subsume those of Taagepera and Grofman (Party Polit 9(6):659–677, 2003). One of these properties, Dalton’s principle of transfers, is formalized in a manner that resolves the ambiguity associated with it in previous studies. We show that the cosine measure satisfies all the properties. We also show how the Gallagher index can be modified to satisfy all the properties. The cosine measure and the modified Gallagher measure are co-monotone.     

Die Rolle von Vertrag, Macht und Sozialer Einbettung für wirtschaftliche Transaktionen

This paper focuses on the conditions that enhance punctual payments of clients in economic transactions. Within such exchange relations the actors face a problem of trust: the contractor delivers goods or services ex ante and has to trust the client that he will pay punctually. Three possible solutions are discussed: institutional mechanisms like enforceable contracts, market mechanisms, and mechanisms based on the social embeddedness of the transaction. It can be shown, that the trust problem concerning proper payment behavior cannot be solved by the market or bilateral contracts. Due to this fact, the embeddedness of economic transactions in social networks and long-term relationships becomes an important mechanism to reduce problems of trust between client and contractor. Based on a general theoretical framework, hypotheses are tested using regional restricted data of handicraft enterprises. It can be shown, that due to unbalanced power relations and insufficient institutional regulations the actors are not able to solve the problem of trust. Although the social embeddedness fosters cooperative behavior, opportunism by the client cannot be avoided completely.     

The Turkish minority in Germany and Berlin

The Turkish minority in West Germany numbers today some 1.6 million, a large portion of whom live in what was formerly West Berlin. The Turks and the Germans are two societies with different social values, which are tied to their national ethos. The Turkish minority is not viewed as a group which can be assimilated into German society. The present article examines the problems posed by this minority and its insecurity in the face of German unification.