Reviews

Barry Hindess and Paul Q. Hirst, Pre‐capitalist Modes of Production (1975), 354 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, £7.50).

Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (1975), xiii+265 (Schocken Books, New York, $8.95).

Alan Macfarlane (ed.), The Diary of Ralph Josselin 1616–1683 (Records of Social and Economic History, New Series, III, 1976), xxvi+728 (Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, £20).

Cissie C. Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity in Aix‐en‐Proveace, 1640–1789 (1976), xii+197 (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, £9.70).

Ansley J. Coale (ed.), Economic Factors in Population Growth (1976), xviii+600 (Macmillan, £20.00).

Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (1974, paperback ed. 1976), xxi+423 (Pantheon Books, New York, $15.00; Vintage Books, New York, $4.95).

K. S. Inglis, The Australian Colonists: an Exploration of Social History 1788–1870 (1974), xxii+316 (Melbourne University Press and Prentice Hall, Melbourne, £10.40).

Christer Winberg, Folkökning och proletarisering. Kring den sociala stnikturomvandling på Sveriges landsbygd under den agrara revolutionen (1975), 344 (Meddelanden från Historiska Institutionen i Göteborg 10, Gothenburg). (Population growth and proletarianization. The transformation of social structures in the Swedish countryside during the agricultural revolution)

Uno Gustafson, Industrialismens storstad. Studier rörande Stockholms sociala, ekonomiska och demografiska struktur 1860–1910 (1976), 290 (Monografier utgivna av Stockholms kommunalförvaltning, 37, Stockholm). (Industrialism's Metropolis. Studies in the social, economic and demographic structure of Stockholm 1860–1910)

John M. Merriman (ed.), 1830 in France (1976), 232 (Croom Helm and New Viewpoints, London and New York, £5.00).

Derek Fraser (ed.), The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century (1976), 218 (Macmillan, £5.95, paperback £2.95).

C. A. Bayly, The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad 1880–1920 (1975), xviii+314 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £10.00).

Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and a World Without War. The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892–1914 (1976), xiv+487 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, £16, paperback £6.20).

Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow, Interwar Britain: A Social and Economic History (1976), 276 (George Allen and Unwin, £5.95, paperback £2.95).     

INFORMATION WANTS TO BE FREE (BUT IS EVERYWHERE IN CHAINS)

Each new stage of private property creates a new axis of class conflict. If there are two axes of class conflict, two kinds of ruling class, two kinds of labor, why not a third? The new ruling class I call the vectoralist class. As private property advances from land to capital to information, property itself becomes more abstract. The property question, the basis of class, becomes the question asked everywhere, of everything. The hacker class arises out of the transformation of information into property, in the form of intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyright, publicity rights, and the moral right of authors. There is an essential difference between the hacker class and the vectoralist class. The vectoralist class produces nothing new. The hacker class includes anyone who creates new information, in any media.     

Reconceptualizing Women's and Men's Undeclared Work: Some Results from a European Union Survey

Recognizing that the current conceptualizations of men's and women's undeclared work derive almost entirely from a limited range of small‐scale studies of specific localities, sectors and occupations, this article begins to resolve this dearth of evidence by reporting the findings of an extensive cross‐national survey of undeclared work conducted in 2007 across 27 European Union (EU) nations. The outcome is fresh and extensive EU‐wide evidence that extends existing conceptualizations of the gender differences in terms of participation, sector, contract type and pay. However, the recognition that undeclared work is conducted for closer social relations and sometimes for motives other than financial gain, is shown to apply not only to women, as previously contended, but to men as well and to constitute most of the undeclared work in the EU. The result is a call for a fundamental reconceptualization of the nature of undeclared work that recognizes the heterogeneous work relations involved.     

Saying Meritocracy and Doing Privilege

This article describes the relationship between saying and doing. It argues that focusing on the discrepancy between participants’ accounts and their actions is one of the greatest analytical strengths of ethnography. We make this case by drawing upon an ethnography of an elite boarding school. We also reflect on the way that two ethnographers worked together to better understand the social significance of accounts that are incongruent with situated behavior. We conclude by arguing that qualitative researchers must be more sensitive to the different kinds of claims that can be made with interview versus observational data.     

Low-wage mobility during the early career

Despite the size of the low-wage workforce, knowledge of the low-wage labor market is markedly sparse. In particular, little is known about the mobility patterns of low-wage workers. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I analyze low-wage mobility during the early career. I find that exits from low-wages are common, but the odds of exit and the permanence of an exit vary by social group membership and have changed in recent decades. Women, African Americans, residents of the South, and the less educated fare worse in the low-wage labor market. My findings also suggest that low-wage mobility has changed since the 1970s, with low-wages becoming more difficult to avoid.     

Themes on hope and living with a life-threatening illness

Abstract

This article presents a discussion of themes relating to hope and living with a life-threatening illness. Six interwoven themes are identified: configuring goals, enhancing health and survival, getting empowered, relating to fear, orientating to time, and giving life meaning. These themes offer a repertoire of hope and challenge us to develop skills across shifting paradigms.     

Micro-ESR:微型电子自旋共振光谱仪

电子自旋共振光谱(ESR),又称顺磁共振光谱(EPR),是直接检测自由基、引起石油氧化降解含有未成对电子的活性分子以及食物的唯一方法,也在生物化学研究疾病方面起着一定的作用。本文所描述的微型、高灵敏度的ESR光谱仪通过显著降低光谱技术的成本,能够为工业和科学研究者扩大ESR光谱学的实用范围。