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91.
Randall Collins 《Sociological Forum》2007,22(3):247-269
Arguments for historical turning points are sometimes put forward as a principled argument against causal determinism of the course of world history; sometimes as clever curiosities and flights of imagination. I will attempt to show that the logic of turning-point arguments does not disprove historical causality but, on the contrary, depends on belief in causality. Sometimes, this is only an implicit belief in the clichés of folk historiography; occasionally, a serious sociology is explicitly invoked. In either case, there is a tendency to misperceive how historical causality works through broadly-based processes that are not easily stopped or drastically diverted by particular events. 相似文献
92.
C. R. Kirman L. M. Sweeney M. L. Gargas D. E. Strother J. J. Collins R. Deskin 《Risk analysis》2008,28(5):1375-1394
Dose‐response assessments were conducted for the noncancer effects of acrylonitrile (AN) for the purposes of deriving subchronic and chronic oral reference dose (RfD) and inhalation reference concentration (RfC) values. Based upon an evaluation of available toxicity data, the irritation and neurological effects of AN were determined to be appropriate bases for deriving reference values. A PBPK model, which describes the toxicokinetics of AN and its metabolite 2‐cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) in both rats and humans, was used to assess the dose‐response data in terms of an internal dose measure for the oral RfD values, but could not be used in deriving the inhalation RfC values. Benchmark dose (BMD) methods were used to derive all reference values. Where sufficient information was available, data‐derived uncertainty factors were applied to the points of departure determined by BMD methods. From this assessment, subchronic and chronic oral RfD values of 0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg/day, respectively, were derived. Similarly, subchronic and chronic inhalation RfC values of 0.1 and 0.06 mg/m3, respectively, were derived. Confidence in the reference values derived for AN was considered to be medium to high, based upon a consideration of the confidence in the key studies, the toxicity database, dosimetry, and dose‐response modeling. 相似文献
93.
Young adults who had previously participated in a longitudinal survey of youth were sent a questionnaire. They were randomly assigned to receive a $20 prepayment, a $20 postpayment, or a $25 postpayment for participation in the latest survey. Those in the large incentive condition were 7 percentage points more likely to return a survey than those in the smaller, postpayment group. Prepayment had a smaller, less reliable effect. Effects of incentive magnitude and timing were consistent at each month of the study period; only better high school grades distinguished early responders from late responders. Nonresponders had characteristics suggestive of low social conformity and were more likely than responders to be African American and male and have low SES. The discussion centers on motivations for participating in research and differences in the incentives likely to promote continued response versus initial study enrollment. 相似文献
94.
95.
Randall Collins 《Theory and Society》1974,1(2):147-178
Conclusion The conflict tradition does not end with Max Weber, but there is room for only the barest sketch of subsequent or even contemporary developments. We have already covered many of the follow-ups of the Marx-Weber line of conflict sociology. Among these, there is the important line of influence inwhich Michels served as the link between Weber's historical theory of organizational politics and the organizational studies of the 1940–60's. Studies of stratification, although often pursued with naive theoretical categories, have gradually accumulated a great deal of evidence bolstering and refining the classical principles explained above; and some work, especially since the time of C. Wright Mills (but not necessarily influenced by him) has made a conscious effort to build on classical theory.Some other lines of conflict theory must at least be mentioned. The socialpsychological tradition of conflict theory originating with Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, of course, has Freud as its most famous representative. This level of analysis, despite various theoretical attempts, has not yet been convincingly related to the organizational/stratification level outlined above, nor has it had as much empirical support. But this social-psychological conflict tradition continues to have great potential importance. It holds out the promise of a model for the shaping of the individual psyche by the emotional and symbolic interchanges involved in struggles for interpersonal advantage to replace the artificially one-sided and relatively static models of psychological learning theory. Its premises move towards replacing adult-centered socialization theory with a two-sided view of age conflict under conditions of unequal resources. And when cast in an explicitly historical form, its insights into sexual repression become the basis of a comparative theory of sexual stratification.
Many other interesting figures have been slighted in this brief history. Some, like Simmel and Pareto, appear isolated from the main stream, as they subordinated their insights about conflict to principles which led in quite different directions: neo-Kantian idealism and liberal positivism respectively. Others, like Sorel, came closer to the main line, above all, in Sorel's emphasis that conflict is the basis of moral solidarity, a point which resonates with Weber's understanding of group ceremony as the basis of legitimacy and solidarity precisely in situations of conflict and domination. From here, the possibility exists for appropriating the main achievements of the Durkheimian tradition - the understanding of the ceremonial bases of social realityconstructing - into a comprehensive conflict theory.For the arena encompassed by conflict theory is not only the moments of obvious strife in society, but the systematic explanation of the entire social structure. The central focus is on the organization of material arrangements into a system of power which divides society into interest groups struggling for control. Such material conditions operate not only through the sphere of economic production, but also directly condition the mobilization of interest groups for political action, as well as the production of ideas and of emotional ties. We need no longer rest with an abstract assertion of the determination of structure by contending interests with varying material resources; refined principles of conflict theory may explain specific outcomes in all areas of society.
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96.
97.
98.
Laura M. Bogart Rebecca L. Collins Phyllis L. Ellickson David J. Klein 《Social indicators research》2007,81(1):149-169
The present study investigated whether adolescent cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use predicts life satisfaction
in young adulthood. Survey data were used from a longitudinal cohort of 2376 adolescents at ages 18 and 29, originally recruited
from California and Oregon middle schools at age 13. Results of multivariate models indicated that use of cigarettes and hard
drugs at age 18 was associated with lower life satisfaction at age 29, controlling for adolescent environmental, social, and
behavioral factors related to lower life satisfaction, including poor mental health, loneliness, poor social skills, and Black
race. Adolescent alcohol and marijuana use were not significantly related to adult life satisfaction. Low income, poor health,
and cigarette use during adulthood each independently mediated the relationship between adolescent cigarette use and adult
life satisfaction, together explaining 84.58% of the effect. Adult hard drug use mediated the effect of adolescent hard drug
use, explaining 54.79% of the effect. Results suggest that some forms of adolescent substance use limit socio-economic opportunities,
and have a lasting effect on health, consequently decreasing life-satisfaction. Continued use of substances may also lead
to lower subjective well-being over time. Findings indicate a need for programs that increase social skills and effectively
prevent adolescents from using substances, perhaps by incorporating information about consequences of use for socio-economic
status, health, and well-being over the long term.
This research was funded by grant #R01 DA 13515 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. 相似文献
99.
James J. Collins 《Demography》1982,19(3):409-427
The decline of mortality in the more developed nations has been related to two major influences, economic development and the introduction of medical measures. The contribution of medical measures has been a source of continuing controversy. Most previous studies employ either a birth cohort or calendar year arrangement of mortality data to address this controversy. The present study applies an age-period-cohort model to mortality from respiratory tuberculosis in England and Wales, Italy, and New Zealand in an attempt to separate economic influences from that of medical measures. The results of the analysis indicate that while the overall contribution of medical measures is small when examined by calendar year, specific birth cohorts both in Italy and in England and Wales benefited substantially from these measures. The environmental conditions in New Zealand, however, were such that the introduction of medical measures barely affected declining mortality levels from respiratory tuberculosis. 相似文献
100.
Caitlin Smith Sherry H. Stewart Roisin M. O’Connor Pamela Collins Joel Katz 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(1):115-128
The Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS-63; Turner and Littman-Sharp, Inventory of gambling situations users guide, 2006) is a 63-item measure of high-risk gambling situations. It assesses gambling across 10 situational subscales that load onto
two higher-order factors: negative and positive situations (Stewart et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22:257–268,
2008). While the IGS-63 has excellent psychometric properties (Littman-Sharp et al., The Inventory of Gambling Situations: Reliability,
factor structure, and validity (IGS Technical Manual), in press) its length may preclude its use in time-limited contexts. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a 10-item
short-form of the IGS (IGS-10). Each IGS-10 item reflects one of the ten subscale categories from the IGS-63, with two items
from the original subscales included as examples for each IGS-10 item. The IGS-10 was administered to 180 undergraduate gamblers
along with the IGS-63 and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; Ferris and Wynne, Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final
report, 2001). IGS-10 items showed convergent validity with the corresponding IGS-63 subscales (r’s = .60–.73). Principal components analysis of the IGS-10 revealed two factors: negative (α = .84) and positive (α = .85).
PGSI scores correlated significantly with all IGS-10 items (r’s = .33–.58) and with both IGS-10 higher-order subscales (r’s = .66 [negative] and .49 [positive]), supporting the criterion validity of the IGS-10. Since minimal information is lost
when using the IGS-10, the short form may prove particularly useful when respondent burden prevents using the full IGS-63. 相似文献