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51.
With the increasing availability of large prospective disease registries, scientists studying the course of chronic conditions often have access to multiple data sources, with each source generated based on its own entry conditions. The different entry conditions of the various registries may be explicitly based on the response process of interest, in which case the statistical analysis must recognize the unique truncation schemes. Moreover, intermittent assessment of individuals in the registries can lead to interval-censored times of interest. We consider the problem of selecting important prognostic biomarkers from a large set of candidates when the event times of interest are truncated and right- or interval-censored. Methods for penalized regression are adapted to handle truncation via a Turnbull-type complete data likelihood. An expectation–maximization algorithm is described which is empirically shown to perform well. Inverse probability weights are used to adjust for the selection bias when assessing predictive accuracy based on individuals whose event status is known at a time of interest. Application to the motivating study of the development of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis in both the psoriasis cohort and the psoriatic arthritis cohort illustrates the procedure. 相似文献
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This article presents an estimate of the benefits of reducing crime using the contingent-valuation (CV) method. We focus on gun violence, a crime of growing policy concern in America. Our data come from a national survey in which we ask respondents referendum-type questions that elicit their willingness-to-pay (WTP) to reduce gun violence by 30%. We estimate that the public's WTP to reduce gun assaults by 30% equals $24.5 billion, or around $1.2 million per injury. Our estimate implies a statistical value of life that is quite consistent with those derived from other methods. 相似文献
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Peyton Cook 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(9):2697-2715
This article describes a Bayesian small sample approach to making inferences for the operator (or filter) and squared gain of a p — th order Gaussian univariate autoregressive process. Simultaneous pos¬terior probability bands are developed for the real and the imaginary parts of the frequency-response function of an autoregressive operator as well as for the squared gain of an autoregressive process. 相似文献
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This study examines how a wide variety of diverse friendship group attributes affect changes in indicators of school performance, social behavior, and mental health between early seventh and late eighth grade. Nine hundred and one middle school students named their friends. Independent data from these friends were used to construct friendship groups that were then characterized in terms of their mean level on measures of academic performance, social behavior, psychological closeness, and structure. Two novel conclusions emerge from the study. First, nearly all the friendship effects are domain‐specific. That is, peer attributes in the school domain affect individual school performance outcomes, while peer attributes in the social behavior domain affect individual social behavior. Second, friends' grade point average (GPA) is the most powerful single friendship attribute. It has the largest total effect, the most consistent effects within its own school performance domain, and the sole reliable cross‐domain impact—on an index of negative social behavior that taps into acting out and drug use. The within‐domain peer effects mostly replicate past findings, though the methodological controls used here are more extensive than in past studies and so provide a stronger causal warrant. 相似文献
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This article discusses institutional changes that may facilitate an adaptive approach to biosecurity risk management where governance is viewed as a multidisciplinary, interactive experiment acknowledging uncertainty. Using the principles of adaptive governance, evolved from institutional theory, we explore how the concepts of lateral information flows, incentive alignment, and policy experimentation might shape Australia's invasive species defense mechanisms. We suggest design principles for biosecurity policies emphasizing overlapping complementary response capabilities and the sharing of invasive species risks via a polycentric system of governance. 相似文献
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Women remain under‐represented in top leadership positions in work organizations, a reality that reflects a variety of barriers that create a glass ceiling effect. However, some women do attain top leadership positions, leading scholars to probe under what conditions women are promoted despite seemingly intractable and well‐documented barriers. Previous scholarship tends to posit individual‐level explanations, suggesting either that women who attain top leadership positions are exceptional or that potential women leaders lack key qualities, such as assertiveness. Much less scholarship has explored institutional‐level mechanisms that may increase women's ascension to top positions. This analysis seeks to fill this gap by testing three institutional‐level theories that may shape women's access to and tenure in top positions: the glass cliff, decision‐maker diversity, and the saviour effect. To test these theories we rely on a dataset that includes all CEO transitions in Fortune 500 companies over a 20‐year period. Contrary to the predictions of the glass cliff, we find that diversity among decision makers — not firm performance — significantly increases women's likelihood of being promoted to top leadership positions. We also find, contrary to the predictions of the saviour effect, that diversity among decision makers increases women leaders' tenure as CEOs regardless of firm performance. By identifying contextual factors that increase women's mobility, the paper makes an important contribution to the processes that shape and reproduce gender inequality in work organizations. 相似文献
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Jinmyoung Cho Christine Cook Marilyn J. Bruin 《Journal of Housing for the Elderly》2013,27(4):395-412
The purpose of this study was to explore neighborhood resources that influence the housing satisfaction of older adults. The study included 10,146 participants from the 2009 panel of the American Housing Survey who were 65 years and older. Hierarchical regression modeling was performed to examine older adults’ perceptions of neighborhood resources and consequently the role these resources play in predicting housing satisfaction among community dwelling and residents of assisted living, controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, education, and housing maintenance. In addition, three levels of physical functioning among residents of assisted living were examined. Results showed that there were differences in housing satisfaction by residences and levels of physical functioning. Subjective evaluations of neighborhoods and the near surrounds were significant predictors of housing satisfaction. Results of the study suggest that policy makers and housing professionals need to continue to consider the role of supportive neighborhoods and social environments in promoting successful aging particularly for frail older adults. 相似文献
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Steven Cook Nigel E. Turner Bruce Ballon Angela Paglia-Boak Robert Murray Edward M. Adlaf Gabriela Ilie Wendy den Dunnen Robert E. Mann 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2015,31(4):1121-1134
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