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This paper seeks an account of why young teens initiate consensual sexual activity. It does so by constructing statistical models aimed at distinguishing those who report having initiated sexual activity from those who have not in four samples of eighth graders from an Upstate New York county. Theoretical selection of the model variables is guided by insights from problem syndrome, control and differential association theories. From our findings we conclude the following: (1) Risk behaviors foreseen by the problem syndrome approach, including having used marijuana and having been drunk, are significant, powerful predictors of early-teen sexual activity. (2) The social setting of consensual sexual activity differs by sex at the eighth grade level. For example, having a boyfriend is a more consistent, powerful predictor variable for girls than is having a girlfriend for boys and there is evidence to support the hypothesis that boys initiate sexual activity in the context of status-seeking while girls are more likely to do so as a way of attaining approval. (3) Our findings do not give clear primacy to parents or peers as an influence on early-teen consensual sexual activity. Both control theory, usually associated with parental-influence variables, and differential association theory, usually associated with peer-influence variables, receive support. (4) The results of the research spanning a 2-year period of intensive community antiteen-pregnancy efforts by a Zero Adolescent Pregnancy (ZAP) campaign are consistent with the conclusion that such a multifaceted approach might help lower early-teen initiation of sexual activity. 相似文献
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Community, work and family have been studied as practice and experience on an international scale. This work has included research with ethnic minority groups, usually practised by 'insiders' who share their participants' ethnicity, culture and first language. Many of these people live and work in extended family networks, part of a relatively small community embedded within a larger one. Generally, researchers do not have the language skills necessary to communicate with a linguistically diverse population. However, there has been a call to give a voice to, and hence empower, minority groups through the research process. It is in this context that a consideration of the use of interpreters in research on community, work and family can be made. Within this paper we present exploratory suggestions, drawn from our own research, for the appropriate use of an interpreter. This includes a discussion of the practical considerations and implications involved in this research activity, as well as more conceptual issues. Finally, the ways in which this research activity should be documented to reflect concerns in current qualitative methodological debates are considered. La communauté, le travail et la famille sont des sujets qui ont été étudiés, tant au niveau de la pratique que de l'expérience, à l'échelon international. Cette étude a envelopéune recherche parmi les groupes éthniques en minorité, dans l'ensemble vécue par des gens qui connaissent les choses de l'intérieur et qui partagent l'identité éthnique, la culture et la langue maternelle. Nombreux, parmi eux, sont des gens qui vivent et travaillent dans le cadre de familles étendues et font partie d'une petite communauté au sein d'une communaute plus grande. Dans l'ensemble, les chercheurs n'ont pas les competences linguistiques nécessaires pour communiquer avec une population de langues diverses. Cependant, il s'est avéré qu'il est plus que nécessaire de donner la parole et, de là, donner le pouvoir, aux groupes minoritaires au travers de la procedure du travail de recherche. C'est dans ce contexte que la considération de l'utilité de faire appel à des interprètes dans le domaine de la recherche qui embrasse la communauté, le travail et la famille, peut etre faite. Dans ce papier, nous soumettons des suggestions exploratoires, tirées de notre propre recherche, pour l'utilisation appropriée d'un interprete. Cela inclue une discussion sur les considerations pratiques et les implications contenues dans l'activite de cette recherche, y compris des activités conceptuelles. Pour finir, nous considérons la manière dans laquelle cette recherche devrait être documentée afin de refléter les débats méthodologiques qualitatifs en cours. 相似文献
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Although many studies find that smoking bans reduce cigarette demand, arguments can be made for smoking bans also affecting alcohol demand. Accordingly, in this paper we address the determinants of state-level alcohol demand, which we treat as a function of various economic and demographic variables, as well as smoking bans. Results reveal that smoking bans reduce the demand for beer and spirits. Furthermore, smoking bans tend to intensify the complementary relationship between cigarettes and alcohol, which suggests that smoking bans have altered consumer demographics in the alcohol market. We also find the nature of the smoking ban matters, as bans specific to restaurants and bars lead to larger reductions in beer and spirits consumption, but increase the demand for wine. 相似文献
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Craig R. Humphrey Rodney A. Erickson 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(1):39-63
Non-profit industrial development organisations (NIDOs) represent a common but little studied community response to widespread
deindustrialisation in the United States. These non-profits are organised as chartered not-for-profit corporations, public
authorities or agencies of local government. Most receive at least some public funding to promote local industrial development.
Thus, a key issue is how accountable NIDOs are to the public they have been created to serve. Data from national surveys of
NIDO executive directors in 1984 and 1994, as well as a survey of six case study boards of directors, suggest that public
accountability is an increasingly important concern among NIDOs. Public hearings, efforts to diversify the boards in terms
of gender and race, and connections to community development corporations and other local organisations are among the ways
NIDOs attempt to be accountable to the general public. Although few women or racial minorities serve on NIDO boards, those
boards with representation of these groups tend to be more concerned with public accountability. Boards containing public
officials tend to be less concerned, presumably because their presence makes the NIDOs more directly accountable as a result
of the participation of elected public representatives. 相似文献
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Clinton G. Gudmunson Ivan F. Beutler Craig L. Israelsen J. Kelly McCoy E. Jeffrey Hill 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2007,28(3):357-376
Using a sample consisting of 4,997 married couples from the National Survey of Families and Households, individual emotional
distress, the occurrence of couple disagreements, couple fighting, and couple quality time together mediated the relationship
between financial strain and personal assessments of marital instability. The overall results suggest that financial strain
influences both positive and negative forms of couple interaction which are stronger mediators than personal emotional distress
of the relationship between financial strain and marital instability. The results further suggest that there were no gender
differences among these linkages. 相似文献