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281.
Risk aversion—but also the higher-order risk preferences of prudence and temperance—are fundamental concepts in the study of economic decision making. We propose a method to jointly measure the intensity of risk aversion, prudence, and temperance. Our theoretical approach is to define risk compensations of different orders, and in an experiment we elicit these compensations with a price list technique. We find evidence for risk aversion, prudence, and temperance. These traits correlate within subjects. The compensations elicited for prudence are significantly larger than those for risk aversion and temperance. In contrast to commonly used utility functions, prospect theory can predict this behavioral pattern. In our experiment, risk-averse, risk-loving, and risk-neutral subjects are prudent. This supports a recent theoretical observation that prudence may be a more universal trait than previously realized. 相似文献
282.
Peter Saunders 《The Australian journal of social issues》2010,45(1):53-69
Criticism of the neo‐liberal approach to generating economic growth and rising prosperity rests on the view that it has failed to deliver many of the things that people most value. Developments in the measurement of quality of life, and in the poverty literature, have moved away from relying solely on economic variables such as income. The deprivation approach provides an insight into the items that people value because it asks a random sample of the population whether or not a list of items are regarded as essential – things that no‐one should have to go without. Drawing on results from a recent deprivation survey, this paper examines the strength of Australian opinion about whether material and non‐material items are essential. The results confirm that there is widespread support for many non‐material items being essential and that lack of ownership of these items is often widespread, with adverse affects on wellbeing. 相似文献
283.
Recently it has been suggested that low fertility countries may be caught in a trap that is hard to get out of. One important mechanism in such a trap would be social interaction and its effect on the ideal family size. Such social interaction mechanisms are hard to capture in formal models, therefore we use an agent-based simulation model to investigate the issue. In our experimental setup a stable growth and population path is calibrated to Swedish data using the Swedish social policy setup. The model is provoked into a fertility trap by increasing relative child costs linked to positive growth. Even rather large increases in child benefits are then insufficient to get out of the trap. However, the small number of children temporarily enables the economy to grow faster for several decades. Removing the adaptation of social norms turns out to disarm the trap. 相似文献
284.
We study group-testing algorithms for resolving broadcast conflicts on a multiple access channel (MAC) and for identifying
the dead sensors in a mobile ad hoc wireless network. In group-testing algorithms, we are asked to identify all the defective
items in a set of items when we can test arbitrary subsets of items. In the standard group-testing problem, the result of
a test is binary—the tested subset either contains defective items or not. In the more generalized versions we study in this
paper, the result of each test is non-binary. For example, it may indicate whether the number of defective items contained
in the tested subset is zero, one, or at least two.
We give adaptive algorithms that are provably more efficient than previous group testing algorithms. We also show how our
algorithms can be applied to solve conflict resolution on a MAC and dead sensor diagnosis. Dead sensor diagnosis poses an
interesting challenge compared to MAC resolution, because dead sensors are not locally detectable, nor are they themselves
active participants.
A preliminary version of this paper was presented at SPAA 2006. 相似文献
285.
DV Ortiz 《Journal of gerontological social work》2012,55(6):503-518
The article presents a case study of an outpatient mental health clinic serving Latino older adults. The study explored staff perceptions on the clinic development and the context within an immigrant multicultural community. The study used in-depth, semistructured interviews with support staff, clinical social workers, and administrators. Interviews were analyzed using a thematic content analysis. The mental health clinic formation was perceived by staff as an ecological process stemming from the needs of the Latino immigrant senior clients. A close knit and interdependent culture allowed the clinic to adjust to diversity and changing cultural contexts. 相似文献
286.
We examine the political attitudes of American Indians in eastern Oklahoma where they make up almost 20% of the population. We argue that American Indians in the region play the same role that other minorities in the southern states—notably blacks and Hispanics—do in resisting the region's realignment from the Democratic to the Republican Party. American Indians in the region are populists in that they are economically liberal and religiously conservative. The results of our analysis suggest that the socio-economic characteristics of American Indians play a greater role in explaining American Indians’ political attitudes than their ethnic identification. 相似文献
287.
It is often of interest to elicit beliefs from populations that may include na?ve participants. Unfortunately, elicitation
mechanisms are typically assessed by assuming optimal responses to incentives. Using laboratory experiments with a population
that potentially includes na?ve participants, we compare the performance of two elicitation mechanisms proposed by Karni (Econometrica
77(2):603-606, 2009). These mechanisms, denoted as “declarative” and “clock,” are valuable because their incentive compatibility does not require
strong assumptions such as risk neutrality or expected utility maximization. We show that, theoretically and empirically,
with a sufficient fraction of na?ve participants, the clock mechanism elicits beliefs more accurately than the declarative.
The source of this accuracy advantage is twofold: the clock censors na?ve responses, and participants are more likely to employ
dominant strategies under the clock. Our findings hold practical value to anyone interested in eliciting beliefs from representative
populations, a goal of increasing importance when conducting large-scale surveys or field experiments. 相似文献
288.
289.
Kelley M. Kidwell Nicholas J. Seewald Qui Tran Connie Kasari Daniel Almirall 《Journal of applied statistics》2018,45(9):1628-1651
In behavioral, educational and medical practice, interventions are often personalized over time using strategies that are based on individual behaviors and characteristics and changes in symptoms, severity, or adherence that are a result of one's treatment. Such strategies that more closely mimic real practice, are known as dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs). A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) is a multi-stage trial design that can be used to construct effective DTRs. This article reviews a simple to use ‘weighted and replicated’ estimation technique for comparing DTRs embedded in a SMART design using logistic regression for a binary, end-of-study outcome variable. Based on a Wald test that compares two embedded DTRs of interest from the ‘weighted and replicated’ regression model, a sample size calculation is presented with a corresponding user-friendly applet to aid in the process of designing a SMART. The analytic models and sample size calculations are presented for three of the more commonly used two-stage SMART designs. Simulations for the sample size calculation show the empirical power reaches expected levels. A data analysis example with corresponding code is presented in the appendix using data from a SMART developing an effective DTR in autism. 相似文献
290.
Susan T. Dennison Stephanie S. Daniel Kenneth J. Gruber Alyson M. Cavanaugh Andrew Mayfield 《Social work with groups》2018,41(3):181-197
ABSTRACTAn increasing number of youth are exhibiting social, emotional, and behavioral problems that hinder their ability to function at grade level. Subsequently, school mental health services have not been able to address the need for services particularly among students who are minority and poor. A mixed methodology study was conducted to determine the treatment outcomes from a brief strength-based leadership training group for primarily students who are African American and poor. Pre–post scores on three scales and focus group data revealed significant positive changes in regard to internal areas of functioning and social skills, anger management skills, and school attitude. Gender and age significantly impacted outcomes. 相似文献