Mediating claims to artistry: Social stratification in a local visual arts community

Participant observation was employed to analyze the stratification of artists in the visual art world around a small northeastern American city. Reflecting their art world reputation, artists' strata included naifs, hobbyists, serious amateurs, aspiring preprofessionals, and professionals. The local careers of some artists moved progressively from lower to higher reaches of the system; as they moved upward, their level of professional commitment, art world involvement, knowledge of art, skill, and artistic style tended to change also. Except among professionals, the great majority were women. Overall, certain art styles were selectively favored. The most important selective mechanisms were formal art education, professionalization, artistic style, network centrality, jurying, and sales. With a few recent exceptions, truly naive and imitative traditional styles were excluded from the upper levels in favor of modernist abstraction, innovative figuration, or sophisticated forms ofart brut.An earlier version of this paper was presented to the 12th World Congress of Sociology, International Sociological Association, Madrid, July 1990.     

An ecological risk assessment for chlorpyrifos in an agriculturally dominated tributary of the San Joaquin River.

Single-species toxicity testing of ambient water samples and national-scale probabilistic risk assessment have implicated the organophosphorous (OP) insecticide chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)-phosphorothioate) as a potential chemical stressor of aquatic organisms residing in the lower San Joaquin River basin. This site-specific aquatic ecological risk assessment was conducted to determine the probability of adverse effects occurring from exposure to chlorpyrifos in an agriculturally dominated tributary of the San Joaquin River and to assess the ecological significance of such effects. Assessment endpoints were fish population persistence and invertebrate community productivity. Daily chemical measurements collected over a period of one year were analyzed temporally for frequency, duration, and spacing between events for acute and chronic exposure episodes. Effects thresholds for fish and freshwater lotic invertebrates were determined from single-species laboratory toxicity tests. Potential risk was characterized by the degree of overlap of distributions of exposure events and effects, with consideration given to additive toxicity of other OP insecticides, recovery periods, and duration of chronic exposure (> or = 21 d). Ecological significance was determined by analysis of fish assemblage dietary and reproductive habits in relation to the surrogate invertebrate taxa judged at risk. Results of analysis indicated no direct effects on fish, and indirect effects on fish through elimination of invertebrate food items were considered unlikely. Biological survey information will be necessary to address uncertainty in this risk conclusion, especially as it relates to the benthic invertebrate community. Results of this site-specific risk analysis suggest that fish population persistence and invertebrate community productivity were not adversely affected by measured chlorpyrifos residues during a year-long monitoring period.     

Leading with soul/retaining employees. Authors of new book explore keys to employee satisfaction.

In today's competitive health care market, finding and keeping good employees is important to an organization's success. Take a look at some ways that managers can show an interest in their employees' welfare and help retain highly valued health care workers.     

Descriptive Analysis of the Individual Migratory Pathways According to Environmental Typologies

This study tests the influence of environmental changes on migration in Burkina Faso. It describes individual migratory pathways in the 1960–1999 period in Burkina Faso, using environmental typologies of origins and destinations based on rainfall variations and land degradation. The study links data from a national longitudinal (retrospective) survey with fine resolution rainfall data and land degradation data. Results suggest that environmental factors influence, but in different ways, both the probability to out-migrate and the selection of a destination once the migration decision has been made. Migration seems to be more influenced by a slow-acting process such as land degradation than by episodic events such as droughts.     

Disciplinary pluralism: four models of private justice in the workplace1

This paper develops a typology of four different models of discipline that operate in the workplace. These models are derived from a systematic analysis of the literature using a framework developed by criminologists for examining crime and criminal justice systems. The analysis focuses on each model's views of human nature, social order, rule creation, crime and deviance, disciplinary procedure and philosophy of sanctioning. The analysis highlights the important role played by organizational structure in shaping disciplinary form. The implications of the typology are discussed for current debates about the character of an all-pervasive societal discipline. It is concluded that current unitary visions of such discipline as ‘instrumental’should be modified in the light of the pluralism implied by the typological analysis.     

政治骗局与极权主义的幽灵

唐纳德·特朗普在政治舞台上的崛起说明美国人历史意识的极度缺乏和公民素养遭受攻击。困扰美国社会的意识形态失序和政治混乱是企业主导下的语言和威权模式占支配地位的结果。在新自由主义观念支配下,空间、时间甚至语言本身都成为私有化和商品化势力入侵的对象。针对理性、证据、科学和思考本身发起的攻击造成了全国范围的能动性、记忆和思考本身的种种危机。恐怖、暴力、可抛弃性和贪婪成为美国社会的组织原则,可以说美国已经处于极权主义的危险之中。作者提出了若干抵抗极权主义入侵的方式,如复兴历史记忆、实现免费教育、培养激进民主的想象力以及开发新的话语、价值观和集体斗争的精神意识等。     

Pathological gamblers in methadone treatment: A comparison between men and women

This article uses data from interviews with 462 individuals enrolled in methadone treatment programs in New York City to compare the gambling and gambling-related drug use and criminal activities of those males (N=72) and females (N=27) found to be pathological gamblers. Both the male and female pathological gamblers were and continue to be actively involved in various forms of gambling. A greater proportion of males had engaged in almost all specific types of gambling, although differences between males and females were not all statistically significant. Males and females were very similar in terms of their patterns of drug and alcohol use and the substances they used when gambling. Males and females shared some reasons but also had separate reasons as to why they used heroin when they gambled. Males especially may participate in a variety of criminal and hustling activities to have the money to be able to gamble or to pay gambling debts. The implications of this research are discussed.This study was supported by grant 1RO3-DA08348, Prevalence of Gambling Problems Among Methadone Patients, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, awarded to National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. Points of view or opinions in this report do not necessarily represent the official opinions or policies of the United States Government, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., John Jay College of Criminal Justice/CUNY, Illinois State University, or Abt Associates. The authors wish to thank Leila Cahill and Michelle Silverman for their assistance with this research.