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861.
Neeta S. Bijoor Heather R. McCarthy Dachun Zhang Diane E. Pataki 《Urban Ecosystems》2012,15(1):195-214
In semi-arid cities, urban trees are often irrigated, but may also utilize natural water sources such as groundwater. Consequently,
the sources of water for urban tree transpiration may be uncertain, complicating efforts to efficiently manage water resources.
We used a novel approach based on stable isotopes to determine tree water sources in the Los Angeles basin, where we hypothesized
that trees would rely on irrigation water in the soil rather than develop deep roots to tap into groundwater. We evaluated
the oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope ratios of xylem water, irrigation water, soil water, and groundwater in a study of temporal patterns
in water sources at two urban sites, and a study of spatial patterns at nine urban sites and one “natural” riparian forest.
Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that despite frequent irrigation, some trees tap into groundwater, although in most species
this was a small water source. Some trees appeared to be using very shallow soil water at <30 cm depth, suggesting that these
mature urban trees were quite shallowly rooted. In the natural site, trees appeared to be using urban runoff in addition to
shallow soil water. We were able to identify tree uptake of precipitation at only 3 sites. The results show that some irrigated
trees utilize groundwater and do not rely solely on irrigation water, which may make them able to withstand drought and/or
water conservation measures. However, some irrigated trees may develop very shallow root systems, which may make them more
susceptible. 相似文献
862.
David Pettinicchio 《Sociology Compass》2012,6(6):499-510
Social movements are conventionally understood as a means by which groups seek to resolve collective grievances outside of the regular political process. With this in mind, I explore the important role of “institutional activists”– insiders with access to resources and power – who proactively take up causes that overlap with those of grassroots challengers. This article focuses on the history of, and recent developments in, the study of institutional activism, situating the concept within existing social movement theory and providing examples of the varying roles of institutional activists in mobilization. 相似文献
863.
对我国边疆少数民族进行国家认同建设,从而保持国家认同在认同序列上的优先地位,具有十分重要的意义.但是,对我国边疆少数民族进行国家认同建设面临着诸如经济发展水平滞后、基础教育薄弱、现代化冲击、民族政策负面效应、境外势力渗透等重重挑战,急需从培育普适性公民文化、转变边疆治理思路、调整民族政策取向、拓展利益表达渠道、强化国族认同等方面强化边疆少数民族的国家认同. 相似文献
864.
We find that Union Army veterans of the American Civil War who faced greater wartime stress (as measured by higher battlefield
mortality rates) experienced higher mortality rates at older ages, but that men who were from more cohesive companies were
statistically significantly less likely to be affected by wartime stress. Our results hold for overall mortality, mortality
from ischemic heart disease and stroke, and new diagnoses of arteriosclerosis. Our findings represent one of the first long-run
health follow-ups of the interaction between stress and social networks in a human population in which both stress and social
networks are arguably exogenous. 相似文献
865.
Many important questions and theories in demography focus on changes over time, and on how those changes differ over geographic
and social space. Space-time analysis has always been important in studying fertility transitions, for example. However, demographers
have seldom used formal statistical methods to describe and analyze time series of maps. One formal method, used widely in
epidemiology, criminology, and public health, is Knox’s space-time interaction test. In this article, we discuss the potential
of the Knox test in demographic research and note some possible pitfalls. We demonstrate how to use familiar proportional
hazards models to adapt the Knox test for demographic applications. These adaptations allow for nonrepeatable events and for
the incorporation of structural variables that change in space and time. We apply the modified test to data on the onset of
fertility decline in Brazil over 1960–2000 and show how the modified method can produce maps indicating where and when diffusion
effects seem strongest, net of covariate effects. 相似文献
866.
This research examines land use change in Israel––an intriguing but understudied setting with regard to population–environment
dynamics. While Israel is fairly unique with regard to its combined high levels of economic prosperity and high population growth, this case study has relevance for developed countries and regions (like the south and southwest regions
of the USA) which must balance population growth and urban development with open space conservation for ecosystem services
and biological diversity. The population–land development relationship is investigated during the period from 1961 to 1995
at three spatial scales: national, regional (six districts), and local (40 localities). There is a positive correlation between
population growth and land development rates at the national scale, and while remaining positive, the strength of the relationship
varies greatly at regional and local scales. The variation in population–land use dynamics across scales is used to garner
insight as to the importance of geography, policy and historical settlement patterns. 相似文献
867.
Many faculty members consider using case studies but not all end up using them. We provide a brief review of what cases are
intended to do and identify three ways in which they can be used. We then use an example to illustrate how we have used the
case study method in teaching business demography. Among other benefits, we note that the case studies method not only encourages
the acquisition of skills by students, but can be used to promote “deep structure learning,” an approach naturally accommodates
other features associated with the case studies method—the development of critical thinking skills, the use of real world
problems, the emphasis of concepts over mechanics, writing and presentation skills, active cooperative learning and the “worthwhileness”
of a course. As noted by others, we understand the limitations of the case study method. However, given its strengths, we
believe it has a place in the instructional toolbox for courses in business demography. The fact that courses we teach is
a testament to our perceived efficacy of this tool. 相似文献
868.
The advent of a continuously updated Master Area File (MAF) following the 2000 census represents an information resource that
can be tapped for purposes of developing timely, cost-effective, and precise population estimates for even the smallest of
geographical units (e.g., census blocks). We argue that the MAF can be enhanced (EMAF) for these purposes. In support of our
argument we describe a set of activities needed to develop EMAF, each of which is well within the current capabilities of
the U.S. Census Bureau and discuss various costs and benefits of each. We also describe how EMAF would provide population
estimates containing a wide range of demographic (e.g., age, race, and sex) and socio-economic characteristics (e.g., educational
attainment, income, and employment). As such, it could largely negate and eliminate the need for many of the traditional demographic
methods of population estimation and possibly reduce the number of sample surveys. We identify important challenges that must
be surmounted in order to realize EMAF and make suggestions for doing so. We conclude by noting that the idea of the EMAF
could be of interest to other countries with MAF files and strong administrative records systems that, like the United States,
are facing the challenge of producing good population information in the face of increasing census costs. 相似文献
869.
This article uses dyadic latent panel analysis (DLPA) to examine environmental influences on well-being. DLPA requires longitudinal
dyadic data. It decomposes the observed variance of both members of a dyad into a trait, state, and an error component. Furthermore,
state variance is decomposed into initial and new state variance. Total observed similarity between members of a dyad is decomposed
into trait similarity, initial state similarity, new state similarity, and error similarity. Dyadic similarity in new state
variance reveals that both members of a dyad change in the same direction, which is a strong indication of environmental effects.
DLPA is used to examine environmental influences on life satisfaction and domain satisfaction based on 22 annual assessments
of married couples in the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (N’s = 607–740). The results show high similarity in new state variance for life satisfaction and objectively identical domains
(household income, housing), and less similarity for objectively less similar domains (recreation, health). This finding provides
strong evidence for environmental influences on well-being. In addition, the results show high trait similarity. The implications
of the latter finding for interpretation of behavioral genetics studies of well-being are discussed. 相似文献
870.