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991.
This paper addresses some of the questions raised in a debate between Deaton and Paxson, 1998, Deaton and Paxson, 2003 and Gan and Vernon (2003) in the Journal of Political Economy. At issue is what, on the basis of theory, the behaviour of households should be in relation to expenditure on food, as household size increases. One argument is that expenditure on food, per capita, should increase as household size increases, but analysis of the data gives very different results. Questions arise as to whether food is a public or private good within households, how food compares to clothing and whether there can be substitution away from food, for example towards clothing.For the purposes of addressing these and related questions in the Cyprus context, a household budget survey was undertaken, in which 625 responses were obtained. The paper describes the survey and uses the results of the survey to run regressions to identify the variables that relate significantly to expenditure on food. What we add to the discussion is the analysis of the determinants of expenditure on food in Cyprus, and the categorisation of this expenditure into food at home, take-away food, food in pubs and cafes, and food in restaurants. Our results tend to support Gan and Vernon (2003); we find, for example, that clothing is more private than food. 相似文献
992.
993.
Alfred Alumai Mark Grunkemeyer Joseph Kovach David J. Shetlar John Cardina Joseph Rimelspach Susan Clayton Parwinder S. Grewal 《Urban Ecosystems》2010,13(1):37-49
Human choices regarding land cover management practices may influence ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces. We
conducted a 2-year study to compare biological (weed, insect, and disease), aesthetic (lawn quality), and economic (lawn care
program cost) attributes of an integrated pest management (IPM) program, in which pesticides are applied on the basis of treatment
thresholds, with a standard program, in which pesticides are applied on a calendar basis without pest monitoring. Both programs
were managed by a professional lawn care operator. Although weed incidence was low, the IPM program had significantly more
lawns with weed presence than the standard program during 2005 and 2006. However, only 21% of the IPM lawns required herbicide
applications in 2005, and none exceeded the treatment threshold (5% weed cover) in 2006 as compared to 100% of the standard
program lawns being treated for weeds in both years. The IPM program also had significantly more lawns with insect damage
than the standard program during June 2005 and August 2005, but not September 2005 and throughout 2006. Only 28% of the IPM
lawns required insecticide applications in 2005 and none exceeded the threshold (5% insect damage) in 2006 whereas all of
the lawns in the standard program received insecticide treatments in both years. Rhizoctonia blight was present on some of
the lawns, but was not a common problem. Although lawn quality was high for both programs (>8, on a scale of 1–9), it was
significantly higher for standard than for IPM program lawns during 2005, and June 2006 and September 2006, but not August
2006. The annual lawn management costs were lower for the IPM (281.50) than the standard program (281.50) than the standard program (458.06). Thirty one percent
of the IPM program customers who continued with the study in 2006 did so because they were satisfied with the IPM program.
Among those who did not continue with the program, 33% cited weed or insect problems, while 33% expected better results. The
implications of these findings for implementation of IPM in professional lawn care are further discussed. 相似文献
994.
The predominantly urban boroughs of Warrington and Halton straddle the river Mersey in northwest England. Since the 1970s
there has been a major change in land-use associated with both innovative town design and the decline of manufacturing and
chemical industries in the boroughs. Also, co-ordinated programmes have directly addressed air and water pollution. The breeding
birds of the two boroughs were surveyed in 1978–84 and 2004–06 as part of the bird atlases of Cheshire and Wirral, based on
tetrads (2 × 2 km squares). We divided the breeding species into eight guilds based on broad ecological characteristics of
habitat or food, omitting the generalists and colonial species, and compared the change between our two atlases in the number
of occupied tetrads in Halton and Warrington and in the rest of the county. Four of our eight guilds have fared significantly
better within our study area: waterbirds (24 species), those feeding on invertebrates (16 species), woodland specialists (21
species) and the two species that decorate their nests with lichens. The remaining four guilds showed no difference between
Halton and Warrington and the rest of Cheshire and Wirral: raptors (5 species) have increased throughout, while breeding waders
(7 species), farmland seedeaters (7 species) and aerial insectivores (5 species) have declined throughout. We interpret these
results in relation to improved quality of water and air and changing patterns of land-use in the urban greenspace, especially
an increase in woodland cover and connectivity. 相似文献
995.
The Mandarin registers known as lǐyǔ (俚语) have commonly been translated as ‘slang,’ though traditionally lǐyǔ has differed from slang in English by virtue of its strong link to regionalism. A newly emergent version of lǐyǔ that is prominent among young Chinese is marked not by regionalism but by its Internet‐enabled global purview. This youth‐culture lǐyǔ, like the student slang described by Eble (1996) , functions as a device to promote group solidarity while also serving as an identity marker for China's millennial generation. Lǐyǔ, like the numerous versions of slang described in English, Portuguese and other languages, is marked by ebullient or non‐deferential affect, an attribute that helps explains the close association between slang and swearwords. Slang and lǐyǔ lexemes, in light of the affect they entail, are the pragmatic opposites of honorifics – terms which index deference within formal, hierarchical structures. 相似文献
996.
997.
David J.Tenenbaum 《资源与人居环境》2010,(15):43-46
煤炭是否应该继续成为美国电力供应的主要来源,在这一问题上人们仍争论不休。美国能源信息管理局在《国际能源展望2009》一文中预测到,2006~2030年间,美国以及中国和印度的煤炭消耗量预计将净增加88%。与此同时,单就美国来看,燃煤废弃物——煤炭燃烧后的不可燃残渣——仍然以每年约1.31亿吨的速度在继续堆积,电力公司正在寻找回收这种残渣的方法。 相似文献
998.
In this article, we argue for cognitive sociology as a framework for studying the sociology of race. Cognitive sociology concerns itself with classification, identity construction, meaning and collective memory and is thus centrally concerned with generic issues that apply well to racial category construction and maintenance. We, first, outline the cognitive sociology framework. We then elaborate on traditions in the sociology of race and racism that have implicit affinities to cognitive sociology. We argue that cognitive sociology provides a useful generic framework with which to look at specific issues in racial classification, the social construction of race, and to racist cognitions, while critical race theory and other sociology of race frameworks can compliment cognitive sociology by addressing issues of power and domination in cognitive frameworks. 相似文献
999.
1000.