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961.
Abstract. The rise in inequality between the 1970s and the 1990s and the persistent gap in pay between large and small employers are two of the most robust findings in the study of labor markets. Mainstream economists focus on differences in observable and unobservable skills to explain both the overall rising inequality and the size–wage gap. In this paper we model how increasing returns to skill can affect the size–wage gap both with constant sorting and with size‐biased, skill‐biased technological change (e.g. if large firms always had access to computers, but small firms gained access to computers with the rise of affordable personal computers). We analyze the Current Population Surveys from 1979 to 1993 to determine whether large and small employers are converging in terms of mean wages (the employer size–wage effect), wage structures by occupation and education, characteristics of employees, and wage structures by region. We find mixed evidence of convergence and no consistent support for any single version of human capital theory. 相似文献
962.
David A. Reingold 《The American Sociologist》1999,30(1):74-86
This article discusses the experiences and obstacles the author encountered while conducting research on dislocated workers
from a privately owned inner city printing company that closed in 1993. While these experiences are meant to guide others,
the primary issue addressed is the schism between social science academicians, particularly sociologists and members of the
business community, and its impact on the relationship between economics and sociology. The possible causes and consequences
of the problems sociologists face when using the private sector as a research laboratory, and its effect on the sub-field
of economic sociology, are also explored. Recommendations for breaking down these barriers are considered.
David A. Reingold received his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago, and wrote his dissertation on plant closings,
worker dislocation, and low-wage labor markets. He has published articles on the employment problem of the urban poor, as
well as the effect of inner-city public housing on community participation and work behavior. His work appeared in Urban Studies,
Economic Development Quarterly and the journal of Urban Affairs. Currently, he is working on a study of welfare reform’s impact
on human service providers. 相似文献
963.
In pure population problems, a single resource is to be distributed equally among the agents in a society, and the social
planner chooses population size(s) and per-capita consumption(s) for each resource constraint and set of feasible population
sizes within the domain of the solution. This paper shows that a weak condition regarding the possible choice of a zero population
is necessary and sufficient for the rationalizability of a solution by a welfarist social ordering. In addition, solutions
that are rationalized by critical-level generalized utilitarianism are characterized by means of a homogeneity property.
Received: 1 December 1997/Accepted: 26 February 1998 相似文献
964.
From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, inner experiences—including emotions—are shaped culturally as individuals formulate events in words, and individual experiences are shaped socially as others contribute to the verbal formulation of one's experiences. Understanding cultural shaping and social negotiation of emotions requires understanding how emotion attributions arise from linguistic framings of events, and Affect Control Theory (ACT) offers a model of emotions that addresses this issue. We report tests of ACT predictions of emotions in 128 events against self-reported emotions of respondents imagining themselves in such situations. ACT predictions are found to correlate with self-reported emotions. Thus, empirical results validate ACT's postulate that emotions emerge from the personal impression that is generated in an event, along with the difference between that impression and the person's identity. In the conclusion, we discuss how the ACT formulation can enlighten interpretations of social negotiations regarding emotions. 相似文献
965.
Relationships between Sales Management Control, Territory Design, Salesforce Performance and Sales Organization Effectiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This research evaluates determinants of sales organization effectiveness in a sample of British companies, and contributes to an important new research stream by following recent empirical studies in the USA and Australia. We discuss a model of sales organization effectiveness determined by salesforce outcome performance and behavioural performance, as well as by the use of a behaviour-based control approach. Sales territory design is also considered as a particularly important managerial variable, which has received little analytical attention in the traditional literature, but which appears to be an important influence on the effectiveness of the sales operation. Our exploratory path analytical model suggests that sales territory design has a large effect on sales organization effectiveness both directly, and indirectly through its relationship with salesforce behavioural performance. These findings are somewhat different to those in similar studies in other countries, and suggest some important implications for managers as well as for researchers in this field. 相似文献
966.
Given the great historical distance between scientific explanation as Aristotle and Hempel saw it, some important similarities and differences between the two approaches are examined and appraised, especially the inclination to take deduction itself as the very model of scientific knowledge: an inclination we have good reasons to reject. 相似文献
967.
Martin S. Ridout Byron J. T. Morgan & David R. Taylor 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》1999,48(2):185-196
The branching structure of inflorescences of the cultivated strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is very variable. This paper demonstrates that some aspects of this variability are well described by a simple stochastic model of branching that has two adjustable parameters. The model is shown to provide a good fit to data from a set of almost 700 inflorescences of the cultivar Elsanta, collected over two successive years. For one parameter the maximum likelihood estimator is a moment estimator which is fully efficient even if the detailed branching structure of the inflorescences is not recorded. This parameter provides a convenient summary of branching vigour. The maximum likelihood estimator of the second parameter must be determined iteratively and can be quite inefficient unless the full branching structure is recorded. The model demonstrates that branching structure is affected by the order in which inflorescences emerge on the plant. 相似文献
968.
A weighted approximation to a sequence of continuous time martingales by a time transformed Wiener process is established. The basic tool of proof is the Skorohod imbedding for martingale difference sequences. As an application of the main result a useful weighted approximation to the randomly weighted uniform empirical process is derived. A number of other applications are also discussed. 相似文献
969.
David L. Blustein 《The Career development quarterly》1999,47(4):348-352
This article discusses the major contributions (Krumboltz & Worthington, 1999; Lent, Hackett, & Brown, 1999; Savickas, 1999; Swanson & Fouad, 1999) to this special issue of The Career Development Quarterly on the application of career development theories to the school-to-work transition. Common thematic elements in these 4 articles include a focus on the individual who faces the transition from high school to work and an emphasis on the developmental aspects of the transition. The article concludes with a cautionary recommendation that theory-building efforts derived from the individual experiences of work-bound youth ought to be included in theoretical and intervention initiatives to facilitate the school-to-work transition. 相似文献
970.
Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism? 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Elevated rates of mortality for African Americans compared to whites, coupled with the persistence of high levels of racial residential segregation, have directed attention to the structural manifestations of racism as potentially important pathogens for health. Using national mortality and census data for 1990 and a measure of black social isolation from whites, we examine the association between residential segregation and mortality in 107 major U.S. cities. Our analyses revealed that black social isolation tended to predict higher rates of mortality for African American males and females, although the strength of the association varied by cause of death. Socioeconomic deprivation explained a modest part of this association for black males but not for black females. Our analyses also found that a positive association between social isolation and mortality was more pronounced, for both blacks and whites, in cities that were also high on the index of dissimilarity. These findings highlight the need for research to identify the specific mechanisms and processes that link residential environments to adverse changes in health status. 相似文献