Georg Simmel and Erving Goffman: Legitimators of the Sociological Investigation of Human Experience

By originating and developing the sociological investigation of human experience, Georg Simmel and Erving Goffman have shifted social phenomena at the edge of awareness to the center of attention, and have legitimated their study for contemporary sociologists. Both Simmel and Goffman describe these subtle social phenomena by distinguishing their perceptual boundaries and crossover elements, pointing out their common features when their statuses differ, and reversing their traditional location in means-end and cause-effect chains. But Durkheim's influence on Goffman's basic conceptions of interaction, individual, and society differentiated his interpretation of these social phenomena from Simmel's. Moreover, Simmel's and Goffman's explanations of these social phenomena evolve in different directions, revealing the antithetical goals toward which spiritual transcendental Simmelians and cynical reductive Goffmanians would lead sociology.     

Studying categorical data over time

A review of recently developed simple techniques for analyzing data in the form of proportions from replicated, cross-sectional, sample surveys. (A) One variable over time—tests for homogeneity, pooling homogeneous proportions, tests for linear trends with as few as three time points, tests for departures from linearity; (B) Two variables with a constant percentage difference—four fold tables as rudimentary causal models, decomposing change with linear flow graphs; (C) Extension of the flow graph techniques to—three or more variables and changing coefficients; (D) Comments implying panel designs are somewhat over-rated and successive cross-sections somewhat under-rated.     

Assessing the influence of regional Environmental Protection Agency offices on state hazardous waste enforcement decisions

In assessing the influence of regional Environmental Protection Agency EPA offices on the state management of hazardous waste programs, we focused on the extent to which federal administrative decisions affect levels of enforcement activity by state environmental agencies and whether these effects vary over time. Our results indicated that state enforcement actions were affected by state program capacity variables such as primacy and the strength of existing hazardous waste policies as well as one federal-level factor—the distribution of grant monies. The impact of federal oversight decisions was minimal.     

西北地区跨越式发展与FDI战略深化——基于FDI影响因素的实证分析

加快引进FDI是西北地区深化对外开放、促进跨越式发展的突破口。该文经过实证研究发现,FDI是西北地区与沿海经济差距拉大的重要因素。在该地区FDI影响因素方面,劳动力、市场和区位等均较不利,尤其以较差的科技创新能力为甚。FDI选择因素的省(自治区)际差异显著。陕西总体竞争力较强,但动态优势令人担忧;甘肃和青海狭小的市场规模抑制了FDI流入;新疆在市场、区位等方面具有优势但未能充分发挥,导致FDI比重逐年下降;宁夏利用FDI绩效显著,在市场前景、劳动力等方面有较大优势并有显著的聚积效应。     

Understanding the meanings of children: a reflexive process

This paper identifies a number of children's voices within qualitative academic writing. It suggests that researchers can discover a variety of children's voices by employing reflexive techniques to ensure that their interpretations are not influenced by their personal prejudice, or the ethics, tools, roles and theories of their professional paradigm. It concludes that those who work with children may be able to reinforce the theme of the UN Convention on Rights of the Child by employing this reflexive approach to enable them to attribute equal status to the views of all the children whom they encounter.     

Serials spoken here: Reports on conferences, institutes and seminars

We have one report this issue which is, not surprisingly, on the topic of electronic serials. This institute, which reached full capacity, covered both theoretical and practical considerations for dealing with the influx of electronic serials. Many of us are barely coping with the need to plan and implement access to the vast amount of electronic information publishers have now mounted. We are faced with many new decisions about cataloging, vendor selection, license agreements, and consortial arrangements. The institute was planned as a basic course on electronic serials and addressed many of these topics froma wide range of viewpoints. Due to the popularity and success of this institute it will be repeated in April, 1998, in St. Louis.     

早年毛泽东国民性改造视野中的国民性及相关概念论析

国民是指拥有一国国籍、一定数量的个人财产和个人意志自由的生命个体。国民性是指一个民族在长期的历史发展过程中自然形成的,隐藏在民族的道德价值观念、民族心理和行为方式之表象背后,对整个民族价值观念的确立、民族心理的形成和民族普遍行为方式的选择起支配甚至决定作用的相对稳定的隐性文化场。国民素质是指由该民族具有的特质所规定的活动能力及其状态。国民性改造是由国民性批判、理想国民目标模式的设计以及国民的国民性改造途径三大部分所组成。     

Risk Factors of Sexual Harassment by Peers: A Longitudinal Investigation of African American and European American Adolescents

The present research explores risk factors for, and longitudinal associations of, sexual harassment by peers during adolescence. Eight‐hundred and seventy‐two African American and European American adolescents (65.4% African American, 51.1% females) were assessed during the summer after the eighth grade (mean age=14.2 years) and then again in the 11th grade (mean age=17.1 years). At the first assessment, adolescents were asked about their experiences with sexual harassment, their psychological reactions to sexual harassment, and also about their peer relationships, perceived pubertal timing, problem behavior, and mental health. At the second assessment, adolescents reported on their problem behavior and mental health. In general, youth who associated with peers who were involved in problem behavior were at risk for victimization. Among females, those who perceived themselves to be experiencing early pubertal development were also at risk. Additionally, for some adolescents, sexual harassment predicted later adjustment difficulties.     

莫言小说《四十一炮》的复调特征剖析

莫言小说《四十一炮》是典型的复调结构,小说的主人公不但是故事的叙述者,还是作者思想的寄托者。作者“用写作挽留自己的少年时光”,让罗小通“用诉说创造自己的少年时光”①,以罗小通为中心的大型对话和微型对话编织了小说中复杂的人物关系,将三条线索的故事浓缩在同一时空,小说中多种意义指向同一语词,多种风格混搭成作品统一的和声效果,恰如复调的不同声部构成和谐的整体。