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91.
92.
Using an inventory of local and/or non‐statutory transfers (droits connexes) in 13 French towns and cities, the article first measures the gains from returning to work for recipients of national, statutory means‐tested benefits (Revenu minimum d'insertion— RMI, and Allocation parent isolé— API) by type of household before 2009. The reforms of national, statutory benefits carried out during the 2000s, especially those affecting the working tax credit (Prime pour l'emploi— PPE), failed to ensure that the recipients of means‐tested benefits always stood to gain financially from returning to work. The effects of the reforms were offset by the effects of other measures. The article then simulates the effects of the introduction of the Revenu de solidarité active (RSA) in place of the RMI in 2009, and takes into account the way that local and/or non‐statutory transfers are modified by increases in national, statutory transfers. We observe that the RSA eliminates the financial disincentives to returning to work for almost all localities and types of household. The article shows that the marginal tax rate of 38 per cent chosen by the government is very close to the upper limit compatible with a back‐to‐work incentive. 相似文献
93.
Denis H. Y. Leung Jing Qin 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》2006,55(3):379-396
Summary. In many surveys, missing response is a common problem. As an example, Zahner, Jacobs, Freeman and Trainor analysed data from a study of child psychopathology in the State of Connecticut, USA. In that study, the response variable, psychopathology, was inferred from questions that were addressed to teachers of the children and was subject to a high level of missingness. However, the missing responses were supplemented by surrogate information that was provided by the parents and/or the primary care providers of the children. In such a situation, it is conceivable that the supplemental information can be used to recover some of the information that has been lost in the cases with missing response. This paper considers a method using empirical likelihood. Empirical likelihood is well known in providing nonparametric inference. But its application has largely been confined to complete-data situations. The method proposed exploits the semiparametric nature of empirical likelihood. The method gives consistent estimates if the cases with non-missing responses form a random sample of the population. In large samples, the method behaves similarly to a regression estimate that is applied to estimating equations. The method is easy to implement with standard statistical packages. In a small sample study, the method was found to give favourable results, when compared with existing methods. 相似文献
94.
Denis Bosq 《Revue canadienne de statistique》2005,33(1):21-37
Superefficiency of a projection density estimator The author constructs a projection density estimator with a data‐driven truncation index. This estimator reaches the superoptimal rates 1/n in mean integrated square error and {In ln(n/n}1/2 in uniform almost sure convergence over a given subspace which is dense in the class of all possible densities; the rate of the estimator is quasi‐optimal everywhere else. The subspace in question may be chosen a priori by the statistician. 相似文献
95.
96.
Denis Chetverikov Bradley Larsen Christopher Palmer 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2016,84(2):809-833
We present a methodology for estimating the distributional effects of an endogenous treatment that varies at the group level when there are group‐level unobservables, a quantile extension of Hausman and Taylor, 1981. Because of the presence of group‐level unobservables, standard quantile regression techniques are inconsistent in our setting even if the treatment is independent of unobservables. In contrast, our estimation technique is consistent as well as computationally simple, consisting of group‐by‐group quantile regression followed by two‐stage least squares. Using the Bahadur representation of quantile estimators, we derive weak conditions on the growth of the number of observations per group that are sufficient for consistency and asymptotic zero‐mean normality of our estimator. As in Hausman and Taylor, 1981, micro‐level covariates can be used as internal instruments for the endogenous group‐level treatment if they satisfy relevance and exogeneity conditions. Our approach applies to a broad range of settings including labor, public finance, industrial organization, urban economics, and development; we illustrate its usefulness with several such examples. Finally, an empirical application of our estimator finds that low‐wage earners in the United States from 1990 to 2007 were significantly more affected by increased Chinese import competition than high‐wage earners. 相似文献
97.
Denis Collins 《Business and Society Review》2015,120(2):303-327
This article describes a benchmarking tool managers can use to determine operational policies and processes that could enhance an organization's social and ethical performance. The benchmarking tool consists of a 13‐dimension, 110‐item survey based on an Optimal Ethics Systems Model. These best practices in business ethics are derived from an analysis and assessment of seven institutional infrastructures and accountability standards developed to help managers improve organizational social and ethical performance. 相似文献
98.
Nicolas Miconnet Marie Cornu Annie Beaufort Laurent Rosso Jean-Baptiste Denis 《Risk analysis》2005,25(1):39-48
The uncertainty associated with estimates should be taken into account in quantitative risk assessment. Each input's uncertainty can be characterized through a probabilistic distribution for use under Monte Carlo simulations. In this study, the sampling uncertainty associated with estimating a low proportion on the basis of a small sample size was considered. A common application in microbial risk assessment is the estimation of a prevalence, proportion of contaminated food products, on the basis of few tested units. Three Bayesian approaches (based on beta(0, 0), beta(1/2, 1/2), and beta(l, 1)) and one frequentist approach (based on the frequentist confidence distribution) were compared and evaluated on the basis of simulations. For small samples, we demonstrated some differences between the four tested methods. We concluded that the better method depends on the true proportion of contaminated products, which is by definition unknown in common practice. When no prior information is available, we recommend the beta (1/2, 1/2) prior or the confidence distribution. To illustrate the importance of these differences, the four methods were used in an applied example. We performed two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the proportion of cold smoked salmon packs contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes, one dimension representing within-factory uncertainty, modeled by each of the four studied methods, and the other dimension representing variability between companies. 相似文献
99.
This paper considers the problem of estimating a nonlinear statistical model subject to stochastic linear constraints among unknown parameters. These constraints represent prior information which originates from a previous estimation of the same model using an alternative database. One feature of this specification allows for the disign matrix of stochastic linear restrictions to be estimated. The mixed regression technique and the maximum likelihood approach are used to derive the estimator for both the model coefficients and the unknown elements of this design matrix. The proposed estimator whose asymptotic properties are studied, contains as a special case the conventional mixed regression estimator based on a fixed design matrix. A new test of compatibility between prior and sample information is also introduced. Thesuggested estimator is tested empirically with both simulated and actual marketing data. 相似文献
100.
Denis Ladbrook 《Journal of Population Research》1990,7(2):89-115
This is Part II of a two-part article. It explores two hypotheses proposed to explain a reversal of the sex differential in mortality which appears in the 1968–72 death rates of Wisconsin professionals. The first hypothesis proposes that the observed effect is attributable to differentials in the distribution of behavioural risk factors for leading causes of death. Explanatory variables include childlessness, late age at first full-term pregnancy, and relatively high rates of smoking and drinking. Professional men had very low mortality rates from conditions implicating behavioural causes, leading to optimism that low-risk living can introduce a new phase into the epidemiological transition. The second hypothesis posits that the effect may be due to differentials in occupational variables which have systematic gender-divergent outcomes. Occupational levels, tasks, environments and careers all have the potential for such effects. The overall conclusion of the study is that health is systematically related to the quality of support and other conditions in the two major micro-environments for living: work and home. 相似文献