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61.
In a series of major papers culminating in A Theory of Justice, John Rawls constructs an alternative to utilitarianism by developing a social contract theory of moral and political philosophy. Unfortunately, Rawls formulates the two basic principles upon which the theory rests in such a way as to restrict (unduly) the contract theory's applicability (see Section I). In this paper we present a more general discussion of the theory of justice that avoids the problems of Rawls' formulation and yet retains the important idea of justice as fairness and the contractarian approach (Section II). Later it is argued that this more general theory constitutes a bridge between the pure utilitarian theories and the social contract doctrines (Sections V and VI). The theory's advantages are demonstrated by applying it to a problem discussed by Rawls, intergenerational equity, and comparing the two solutions (Section III). Further comparisons are made and inferences drawn in the concluding three sections.Without implicating them, we would like to thank James M. Buchanan and David Lyons for comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
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When an unexpected financial crisis overtook Southeast Asia in 1997 planners and policymakers feared that the economic difficulties
would unwind two decades of remarkable economic and social development. Newspaper headlines spoke of massive increases in
poverty, unemployment and malnutrition, and it was speculated that family planning programs would collapse and fertility would
rise dramatically. Infant and child mortality and maternal mortality were also expected to increase. This paper briefly reviews
the onset of the financial crisis as a background for assessing whether speculations about die demographic and social effects
tallied with reality. It is found that these effects were neither as dramatic nor as easy to monitor as some of the public
debate implied. The general lesson is that the most serious social and demographic problems were not so much the products
of crisis as embedded in chronic weaknesses that had become entrenched in times of economic growth. The crisis exposed these
weaknesses. 相似文献
67.
Dennis L. Peck 《Journal of sex research》2013,50(2):249-254
While sexuality is the focus of extensive research, the concept has not been adequately defined. In this paper, sexuality is defined as the individual capacity to respond to physical experiences which are capable of producing body‐centered genital excitation, that only subsequently becomes associated with cognitive constructs (either anticipatory for new experiences or reflective of past experiences) independent of ongoing physical experiences. The discussion focuses on four components of this definition: that sexuality is an individual capacity, is experiential, is body‐oriented, and is directed toward genital excitation. 相似文献
68.
A special class of supersaturated design, called marginally over saturated design (MOSD), in which the number of variables under investigation (k) is only slightly larger than the number of experimental runs (n), is presented. Several optimality criteria for supersaturated designs are discussed. It is shown that the resolution rank criterion is most appropriate for screening situations. The construction method builds on two major theorems which provide an efficient way to evaluate resolution rank. Examples are given for the cases n=8, 12, 16, and 20. Potential extensions for future work are discussed. 相似文献
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Dennis H. Wrong 《The American Sociologist》1997,28(2):73-81
The Greeks and the thinkers of the Enlightenment regarded reason as the defining quality of humankind. The Utilitarians limited
it to the selection of means to any given end for action excluding the determination of moral values and social institutions.
This became a postulate of classical and neoclassical economics borrowed by rational choice theory in sociology. James Coleman
accepted as rational any action based on the actor's belief in its rationality, which would not rule out the delusions of
psychotics. Despite this and other concessions that treat almost any explicable action as rational, sociologists have correctly
criticized rational choice theory for ignoring the pervasive effects of socialization in achieving the internalization of
norms and values. Rational choice theory also fails to illuminate human emotions and motivations, pictured in their full complexity
in great literature. 相似文献