The Effect of Gender Context on Children's Social Behavior in a Limited Resource Situation: An Observational Study

Knowing when to compete and when to cooperate to maximize opportunities for equal access to activities and materials in groups is critical to children's social and cognitive development. The present study examined the individual (gender, social competence) and contextual factors (gender context) that may determine why some children are more successful than others. One hundred and fifty‐six children (M age=6.5 years) were divided into 39 groups of four and videotaped while engaged in a task that required them to cooperate in order to view cartoons. Children within all groups were unfamiliar to one another. Groups varied in gender composition (all girls, all boys, or mixed‐sex) and social competence (high vs. low). Group composition by gender interaction effects were found. Girls were most successful at gaining viewing time in same‐sex groups, and least successful in mixed‐sex groups. Conversely, boys were least successful in same‐sex groups and most successful in mixed‐sex groups. Similar results were also found at the group level of analysis; however, the way in which the resources were distributed differed as a function of group type. Same‐sex girl groups were inequitable but efficient whereas same‐sex boy groups were more equitable than mixed groups but inefficient compared to same‐sex girl groups. Social competence did not influence children's behavior. The findings from the present study highlight the effect of gender context on cooperation and competition and the relevance of adopting an unfamiliar peer paradigm when investigating children's social behavior.     

中国大学战略绩效评价探析——基于平衡计分卡理论的研究

本文基于平衡计分卡的思路和方法，以大学的发展战略和办学使命为出发点，聚焦于人才培养和科技创新，以资源的获取与有效利用为平衡点，以战略执行能力提升为基点，构建了我国大学战略绩效评价体系，旨在有助于更新战略思维，有效提升大学战略执行能力、整体素质与竞争能力，     

浅谈大学英语优化教学

目前我们面临着教育体制由应试教育向素质教育转注的问题,因此大学英语优化教学颇为重要.本文就如何进行大学英语优化教学进行了探讨,并提出了一些具体做法.     

Effects of exposure to occupational violence and the mediating impact of fear

This paper examines the consequences of exposure to work-related violence and in particular, focuses upon the role of fear (of violence) as a mediating variable. The sample comprises UK public house licensees-individuals who manage public houses and hold the licence permitting the sale of alcoholic drinks on the premises. Questionnaires were sent to 479 licensees and a response rate of 51% was achieved. Each questionnaire measured exposure to a range of violent assaults, fear of violence, general well-being, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Based upon a final sample of 242 pub licensees, regression analyses showed that as the severity of the violence to which licensees were exposed increased, so fear of becoming a victim and symptoms of impaired well-being increased, while job satisfaction and organizational commitment decreased. Hierarchical analyses showed that fear of violence fully mediated the negative impact of exposure upon each of these other variables. It is argued that the management of fear appraisals should be integrated into organizational responses to work-place violence.     

工程量清单招标中利与弊的分析

针对我国在建设工程招投标中实施工程量清单这种计价模式的利与弊进行了分析,从工程量清单招标的合理性、符合国际惯例、促进建设市场有序竞争和企业健康发展等几个方面阐述了工程量清单招标的优越性,同时提出了工程量清单招标存在企业定额不完善、投标人的造价人员还不能符合工程量清单计价模式的要求、工程量清单招标投标的项目其评标标准和方法不完善等问题和解决办法。     

试论挪用公款罪

挪用公款罪是一种多发性刑事犯罪,具有十分严重的社会危害性,必须对其加大打击力度,因而有必要进一步明确对该罪的认识。本文就其主要方面,即犯罪主体、犯罪对象和客观方面的表现形式进行深入的探讨。     

扬琴演奏艺术美的规律把握与特质研究

扬琴演奏作为一种表演形式,在其发展过程中有着自身独特的美感。文章通过对扬琴演奏中所应具备的技术技巧、气息气韵以及舞台形态等方面的分析后,指出扬琴演奏中动作要协调。其中气息与动作配合适当,对演奏和艺术表现有很大的帮助。扬琴演奏属于音响艺术的范畴,音色的好坏直接影响演奏质量和情感的表达。气息的畅通使力源不受阻碍,其必然是松弛而有弹性的。反之,必然造成肌肉紧张、发音僵硬、音色燥或虚。因此,气息与动作的正确与否决定音色的质量。     

Work-related violence—is national reporting good enough?

Throughout Europe there are relatively few statistics, gathered a national level, which deal specifically with the problem of violence at work. In the UK, the revised Reporting of Injuries. Discases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 now require that certain violent incidents are reported on a national basis. The criteria for reporting, which are entirely dependent on the physical outcome of incidents. are discussed. It is recommended that employing organizations should establish their own internal systems for reporting and recording a wider range of violent, and potentially violent. incidents. These should then be used to inform risk assessment and risk management.     

Child maltreatment in the family: a European perspective

Child maltreatment is generally referred to under the global categories of physical, sexual, emotional/psychological abuse and neglect. The Concerted Action on the Prevention of Child Abuse in Europe (CAPCAE) reports on the specific forms of harm and injury, actions and persons believed responsible in eight European countries. The most common actions across all participating countries responsible for harm were those of violent parenting or absent parenting. A review of prevention strategies found that few programmes focused on specific behaviours or included measures to indicate whether their actions were successful in preventing further harm to children. It is recommended that fathers need to be targeted in prevention as well as mothers and that specific data collection of actual harms, actions, persons responsible and outcomes needs to be implemented as a priority in all European countries. Such specificity avoids a focus on risk which is unacceptable in some countries, over inclusive of parents and resource intensive.     

川佛手中总黄酮的超临界CO_2萃取工艺优化

采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取川佛手中的总黄酮,通过单因素分析和正交试验,确定了川佛手中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数,即萃取压力为30 MPa,萃取温度为50℃,料液比为100∶120 g/mL和萃取时间为2.0 h,在此条件下总黄酮的萃取率达到3.79﹪.