大陆或社会空间:全球强国关系中来自亚洲众多文化的商人和流动人口

本文首先论述了普遍认同的分期的传统,及其对现代分析性学术成就的影响,并探讨了历史事件/发展的连贯性及对长期历史发展的推动力;其次,通过描述中国和下撒哈拉非洲、地中海之间的文化交流,分析了复杂的欧亚非三大陆之间的跨文化世界;第三,关注了某些宏观区域的经济资源及由此产生的经济往来;在此基础上,第四,把欧洲人眼中所谓“西印度群岛”这样一个“奇异财富”地区的形象与当地某些产品联系在一起,这些产品经过欧洲人的改动,似乎成了欧洲本土的产品。在货物交易的同时,在跨太平洋人口流动制度的最初两个阶段也发生了人的交易;第五,亚洲文化在20世纪的后半叶进入了又一个崭新的上升时期:从印度后殖民学术成就的产生开始,在跨太平洋人口流动制度的第三阶段,为数众多的男女流动人口迁居北美,只有少量移至欧洲社会。一些亚洲国家的工业化迫使大西洋世界的观察家们逐渐形成新的观点;最后并就亚洲实际的流动人口和政策同在亚欧社会工业化时期欧洲的和来自欧洲的流动人口做了比较。     

THE IMPACT OF MANAGERIAL CHANGE ON PERFORMANCE: THE ROLE OF TEAM HETEROGENEITY

When a key responsibility of a manager is to allocate more or less attractive tasks, subordinates have an incentive to work hard and demonstrate their talents. As a new manager is less well informed, management dismissals reinvigorate this tournament competition—but only in sufficiently homogeneous teams. We investigate this hypothesis using a large dataset on dismissals of soccer coaches, whose main task is indeed the selection of players. We find that dismissals enhance performance (only) in homogeneous teams. Moreover, we show that there is typically a negative selection bias when evaluating succession effects, which reconciles previous contradictory findings. (JEL D22, J44, J63)     

On Transition and First Hitting Time Densities and Moments of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Process

This paper derives transition and first hitting time densities and moments for the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Process (OUP) between exponential thresholds. The densities are obtained by simplifying the process via Doob’s representation into Brownian motion between affine thresholds. The densities in this paper also offer easy-to-use and fast small-time approximations for the densities of OUP between constant thresholds given that exponential thresholds are virtually constant for a small time. This is of interest for estimation with high-frequency data given that extant approaches for constant thresholds impose a large demand on computing power. The moments of the transition distribution up to order n are derived within a closed-form recursive formula that offers valuable information for management. Expressions for the moments of the first hitting time distribution are also obtained in closed form by simplifying integrals via series expansions.