Male prostitution in the twentieth century: pseudohomosexuals, hoodlum homosexuals, and exploited teens

Male prostitution altered its form dramatically over the course of the twentieth century. While some of these changes relate to economics and general cultural shifts (the Depression of the 1930s, the rise of a counterculture during the 1960s and 70s), some of the most important changes have arisen in response to transformations in the idea of "homosexuality," and the growing influence this idea had within middle-class and then working-class culture. This essay identifies the diverse forms male prostitution has taken since the late-Victorian period, and also examines the way in which male prostitution has been written about by various commentators in different eras.     

A MODEL FOR TRAINING PRACTICING PROFESSIONALS IN FAMILY THERAPY*

This paper offers a model for high quality training in family therapy. The unique aspects of the Family Consortium's model are that it: (a) is aimed at practicing professionals; (b) emphasizes structural family therapy principles with strategic and experiential elements; (c) is geared secondarily toward training members as effective peer consultants and trainers; and (d) uses an awareness of the isomorphic nature of training, therapy and family transactions. Part I describes the practical organization structure of the Consortium. Part II discusses the current theoretical philosophy and training approach of this evolving group. Examples are given of how the Consortium has dealt with specific training issues.     

Bell Canada: A case study of dynamics of new technologies in a changing environment

This paper provides a case example of a firm experiencing significant change. Bell Canada is Canada's largest public telecommunications carrier. In recent years the company has found itself facing more pervasive new challenges than it had over most of its 111 year history. Elements of change driving the firm have their origins in technological advances, changing market expectations and reform in regulatory conditions. The paper provides examples and reference points for the changing management information needs required to cope with the new environmental realities. In particular, attention is paid to the need for management and regulatory flexibility and responsiveness as keys for dealing with change.This case study suggests the need to adopt new approaches to relevant information needs as a company moves away from the well defined domain of its operations. It explores the more critical information needs that have charged in the Bell Canada context. Although the analysis has reflected a single firm in transition, and there are bound to be differences, we hope that it can provide at least general guidance for other firm facing the dynamics of new technologies and global environment.In business, the survival instinct is intensified by the emerging global competitive environment. In every industry there is evidence of increased attention to the fundamentals of viability under rapidly changing conditions. Companies facing the reality or impending threat of increased competition, often from new sources, may feel that their backs are to the wall. If, in addition, these companies face the difficult transition from a regulated monopoly to a more competitive environment the pressure can be powerful indeed.     

Misperceptions of reproductive ideals among American husbands and wives

In this paper data from the Michigan Time Use Survey are used to document the extent of misperceptions of reproductive ideals among couples. Perceptual errors of spouses are found to be common and also nonrandom. The errors are influenced by a variety of socioeconomic variables. The paper concludes that research on fertility intentions and contraceptive use-effectiveness, which uses wife-only data, may be flawed. The paper also speculates on the extent and quality of marital communication.This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.Daniel Seiver is a Professor of Economics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056. He received his Ph.D. from Yale. Dr. Seiver's research interests include financial economics, fertility, and microeconomic theory.Donald Cymrot received his Ph.D. from Brown University. His research interests include labor economics and the economics of pensions. Dr. Cymrot is a researcher for the Center for Naval Analyses, 4401 Ford Avenue, P.O. Box 16268, Alexandria, Virginia 22303-0268.     

Children's Perceptions of Mental Illness: A Partial Test of Scheff's Hypothesis*

Scheff's proposition that “stereotyped images of mental disorder are learned in early childhood” was tested in a study of seventy-five (75) elementary school children. Interviews indicate that children were familiar with simple concepts associated with mental illness, i.e., crazy, nuts, and cuckoo, but that few children knew more sophisticated terms or psychiatric labels. The children tended to see the concepts they were familiar with in terms of residual norm violations, which partially supports Scheff's hypothesis. Contrary to Scheff's expectations, however, adults were most frequently cited as primary agents of socialization and other children were rarely cited as sources of information. The children viewed media as less important than suggested by Scheff in providing images of mental illness and violence. The data suggest, contrary to the proposition tested, that elementary school-age children have amorphous conceptions of psychiatric deviance and findings in this study raise questions regarding the widespread applicability of the labeling perspective to pre-adolescent children.     

The benefits to Caribbean Basin countries from the U.S. CBI tariff eliminations

The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act eliminates U.S. tariffs on many exports of countries in the Caribbean Sea and Central America. This paper estimates the short-run effects of these tariff eliminations on the export earnings and economic welfare of the beneficiary countries. It is found that the tariff eliminations increase annual export earnings of beneficiaries by at most $81 million and provide annual welfare gains to these countries of $15 million to $24 million. The benefits are concentrated in agricultural products (particularly sugar, beef, and tobacco) and in products assembled from U.S. components for export to the United States (particularly electronic equipment). The countries that benefit most are the Dominican Republic, Panama, and Guatemala.     

Deterrence and the Morally Committed*

The deterrence literature suggests that perceptions of the threat of legal sanctions influence the extent of involvement in illegal behavior only among those individuals who have not internalized legal norms. Individuals who are morally committed to a norm will not violate it, regardless of their perceptions of the certainty and severity of legal sanctions. We argue that this hypothesis relegates coercion to a position of secondary importance in a theory of social control; and we offer a rationale for an alternative hypothesis that perceived sanction threat has a deterrent effect at all levels of moral commitment. Our analysis, using refined measures of the variables which have emerged in recent research, supports our alternative hypothesis.