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61.
In this study, individualism vs collectivism, in line with the work of Triandis in 1985, was assessed in two groups of male and female students, in Egypt and Germany. The results confirm the effect that cultural background has on individualist vs collectivist orientations in both of these cultures for male and female students. Men and women scored higher on individualism in Germany than in Egypt, whereas collectivism scores were higher in Egypt than in Germany. These findings are discussed in terms of general recommendations for intercultural interventions that discourage viewing people solely in terms of group membership, and instead as distinct individuals. 相似文献
62.
Public and nonprofit organizations need to make strategic choices about where to invest their resources. They also need to expose hidden managerial assumptions and lack of adequate knowledge that prevent the attainment of consensus in strategic decision making. The approach we developed and tested in the field used a dynamic, three‐dimensional model that tracks individual programs in an organization's portfolio on their contribution to mission, money, and merit. The first dimension measures whether the organization is doing the right things; the second, whether it is doing things right financially; and the third, whether it doing things right in terms of quality. Senior managers provide their own evaluations of the organization's programs. Both the consensus view and the variation in individual assessments contribute to an improved managerial understanding of the organization's current situation and to richer discussions in strategic decision making. In field tests, this visual model proved to be a useful and powerful tool for illuminating underlying assumptions and variations in knowledge among managers facing the complex, multidimensional tradeoffs needed in strategic decision making. 相似文献
63.
Constrained allocation problems with single-peaked preferences: An axiomatic analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Özgür Kıbrıs 《Social Choice and Welfare》2003,20(3):353-362
We introduce a new class of problems that contains two existing classes: allocation problems with single-peaked preferences
and bankruptcy problems. On this class, we analyze the implications of well-known properties such as Pareto optimality, strategy-proofness,
resource-monotonicity, no-envy, equal treatment of equals, and two new properties we introduce, hierarchical no-envy and independence
of nonbinding constraints. Unlike earlier literature, we consider rules that allow free-disposability. We present characterizations
of a rule we introduce on this domain. We relate this rule to well-known rules on the aforementioned subdomains. Based on
this relation, we present a characterization of a well-known bankruptcy rule called the constrained equal awards rule.
Received: 22 June 2000/Accepted: 21 March 2002
This paper is based on the first chapter of my Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Rochester. I wish to thank my
advisor, William Thomson, for helpful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
64.
65.
Ricardo Maronna Matthias Fischer Jürgen Groß Andreas Karlsson 《Statistical Papers》2007,48(1):163-170
66.
67.
The ability to infer parameters of gene regulatory networks is emerging as a key problem in systems biology. The biochemical
data are intrinsically stochastic and tend to be observed by means of discrete-time sampling systems, which are often limited
in their completeness. In this paper we explore how to make Bayesian inference for the kinetic rate constants of regulatory
networks, using the stochastic kinetic Lotka-Volterra system as a model. This simple model describes behaviour typical of
many biochemical networks which exhibit auto-regulatory behaviour. Various MCMC algorithms are described and their performance
evaluated in several data-poor scenarios. An algorithm based on an approximating process is shown to be particularly efficient. 相似文献
68.
The authors provide an overview of optimal scaling results for the Metropolis algorithm with Gaussian proposal distribution. They address in more depth the case of high‐dimensional target distributions formed of independent, but not identically distributed components. They attempt to give an intuitive explanation as to why the well‐known optimal acceptance rate of 0.234 is not always suitable. They show how to find the asymptotically optimal acceptance rate when needed, and they explain why it is sometimes necessary to turn to inhomogeneous proposal distributions. Their results are illustrated with a simple example. 相似文献
69.
This paper investigates how individuals evaluate delayed outcomes with risky realization times. Under the discounted expected utility (DEU) model, such evaluations depend only on intertemporal preferences. We obtain several testable hypotheses using the DEU model as a benchmark and test these hypotheses in three experiments. In general, our results show that the DEU model is a poor predictor of intertemporal choice behavior under timing risk. We found that individuals are averse to timing risk and that they evaluate timing lotteries in a rank-dependent fashion. The main driver of timing risk aversion is nothing but probabilistic risk aversion that stems from the nonlinear treatment of probabilities. 相似文献
70.
This study examines the relationships among personal coping resources, social support, external coping resources, job stressors and job strains in a sample of 110 American Telephone and Telegraph employees undergoing a major organizational restructuring. The study expanded on a model suggested by Ashford (1988) by defining another category of coping resources that employees may draw upon to deal with the stressors and strains which occur during major organizational changes. External coping resources were defined as those which provided employees with a sense of 'vicarious control' in stressful situations. Results indicated that personal coping resources, social support and external coping resources had a direct effect upon job stressor and strain levels. No 'buffering' effect of these coplng resources was found. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that external coping resources added to the prediction of job stressors and strains even when pertonal coping resources and social support were entered first into the prediction questions. 相似文献