Nonverbal cues to deception among intimates,friends, and strangers

Buller and Burgoon (in press) propose that deceivers attempt to encode strategically nonverbal cues which indicate nonimmediacy and project a positive image. At the same time, deceivers leak arousal and negative affect via their nonverbal display. This experiment tested these predictions, while examining the influence of relational history on deception cues and the stability of deception cues within deceptive conversations. The nonverbal behavior of 130 strangers, friends, and intimates was measured. Results indicated that deceivers signalled nonimmediacy, arousal, and negative affect, but they did not appear to project a positive image. Deception cues were mediated by relational history and showed considerable temporal variation. Strangers leaked more arousal and negative affect than friends and intimates. Further, deceivers, particularly deceiving friends and intimates, seemed to monitor and control their nonverbal behavior during deception by suppressing arousal and negative affect cues and moderating nonimmediate behavior.     

Developmental trends in proxemic spacing behavior between surrounding companions and strangers in casual groups

This study examined age differences in the pattern of proxemic behavior observed in casual groups frequenting public environments. Observations were made in the corridors of large shopping malls and along sidewalks of small towns. The relative positions of all walking subjects were inconspicuously recorded in photographs, and interpersonal distances were measured by projecting slides on a calibrated grid. Distances to first, second, and third nearest companions and first, second, and third nearest strangers were computed for subjects in six age classes: preschool children, grade school children, teenagers, young adults, middle adults, and senior adults. All classes showed significant age differences in the distances maintained to companions (p = .00001), but only senior adults differed in their spacing toward strangers, by maintaining significantly closer distances than the other age groups (p < .01). Tests of spatial patterns showed significant aggregations between first, second, and third nearest companions, and essentially random spacing toward first nearest strangers in all age groups. Senior adults showed a significant tendency to aggregate with their second and third nearest surrounding strangers. These results are discussed in the light of oer research and in the context of the ecology and development of proxemic behavior.Funding was provided by a National Science Foundation grant, BNS 79-06843, to J.W. Burgess. Additional fundint was provided by a grant from the Consumer Research Center, University of California (Robert Sommer, Director), and by Sigma Xi grants to J.W. Burgess. The author thanks Ms. Deanna Johnson for expert help in behavioral observation and decoding.     

The Physical Abuse of Adolescents

The literature on adolescent abuse suggests that it may differ from child abuse. Issues raised in the literature focus on severity, provoking behavior by the adolescents, and community norms for discipline as crucial issues. There are several models of the dynamics of adolescent abuse in the literature. These issues and theoretical models are examined by reviewing twenty-five cases of adolescent abuse from a public welfare office in a large midwestern city. Implications of the findings for reporting injuries and planning interventions are discussed.     

Anglo-Australian Test Cricket Dismissals 1946–1980

In the 96 Anglo-Australian Test matches played from the end of world war II to the final test in the 1980 series there have been over 3000 dismissals of batsman for both countries. A breakdown reveals interesting difference between the type of dismissal and (a) quality of batsman, (b) location of match, (c) team which is batting. In particular, the ‘leg before wickets’ (lbw) dismissals appear to provide controversial data.     

An Empirical Approach to Supervision and Training of Relationship Therapists

This paper presents an empirical approach to supervision and training of marriage and family therapists. Advantages from the use of the empirical approach include a systematic investigation of the skills and competencies of the therapist and establishing the basis for the scientific study of supervision. A Counseling Problems Worksheet is presented to help in developing multiple hypothesis related to counselor skill deficiencies. Two case studies are given to demonstrate the use of the empirical approach .     

The effects of user-generated design modifications in a general hospital

The present study investigated the effects of relatively minor design modifications in one wing of a local hospital on the organizational climate of the institution and the behavior of various user groups. Results showed that the changes had positive effects for patients and staff members on mood and morale and on the perceived quality of health care, while visitors reacted negatively to the modifications. Use of the more public areas of the experimental ward increased as a result of the alterations, especially in the evenings when more visitors were present. The positive effects occasionally spread to other wards as well.The research reported in this paper was funded by Grant SOC7508784 from the National Science Foundation.     

Gambling and its impacts in a northeastern Minnesota community: An exploratory study

This exploratory study was undertaken to assess the effects of legalized gambling in a northeastern Minnesota community and to inform the state's citizens and decision makers of the impacts of gambling. The community, the types of gambling available, and the types of businesses and organizations involved in gambling are described. Annual (1990) amounts of money won and lost, profit margins for various types of gambling, and the resulting economic and social community impacts are discussed. The most consequential findings are the amounts of money spent on gambling (twice the state's per capita average) and the resulting community revenue losses (nearly $2 million or $105 per person) annually. Nevertheless, many local citizens want even more gambling opportunities. Public policy and future research issues are raised.     

Investorenreaktionen auf die Fair Value-Bilanzierung von Verbindlichkeiten nach IFRS – eine experimentelle Untersuchung

The fair value-option in IAS 39 allows fair value measurement for liabilities. It is often criticized that a change in a company’s own credit risk affects the value of its liabilities. Therefore it is doubtful whether the fair value-option is in fact useful for investors’ decision making process. Due to a lack of empirical studies concerning the understandability and the decision usefulness of the fair value-option, this paper contains the results of an experimental investigation. We find that investors are misled by fair values for liabilities, though under some circumstances they learn to interpret the financial data correctly. We compare fair value measurement of liabilities with an accounting treatment based on German GAAP.     

Verallgemeinerte DEA-Modelle zur Performanceanalyse

Dyckhoff and Allen derived a generalisation of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in order to measure ecological efficiency. This approach distinguishes between inputs and outputs of an activity on the one hand and their impact on the relevant evaluation criteria—referred to as efforts and benefits—on the other hand. Thereby, the current framework of the DEA for analysing the relative performance of productive units is fundamentally extended. The relevance of this framework is not limited to ecological aspects because many essential problems of DEA application can be solved. Against this background, the paper presents a formalisation of the generalised DEA, applies it to the well-known basic DEA models, and concretises these models for linear effort and benefit functions.