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871.
Objectives. The goal of this research is to examine the role of modernization (i.e., structural conduciveness) in the form of income, telephone price and structure, education, and political structures, and global contact in the form of world cities, trade, investment, activities of international nongovernmental organizations, and short‐term exchanges of population in driving the worldwide diffusion of the Internet. Methods. We use longitudinal regression analyses (1995–2000) of change in Internet hosts for approximately 80 developing countries. Results. The analyses suggest that foreign investment, major urban agglomerations, manufacturing exports, nongovernmental organization presence, and tourism as well as democratic openness, property rights, and income predict Internet diffusion during the time period under investigation. Conclusions. We conclude that indeed both conduciveness to Internet technology as well as globalization (contact) are important factors in the diffusion of the Internet. 相似文献
872.
Epidemiology textbooks often interpret population attributable fractions based on 2 x 2 tables or logistic regression models of exposure-response associations as preventable fractions, i.e., as fractions of illnesses in a population that would be prevented if exposure were removed. In general, this causal interpretation is not correct, since statistical association need not indicate causation; moreover, it does not identify how much risk would be prevented by removing specific constituents of complex exposures. This article introduces and illustrates an approach to calculating useful bounds on preventable fractions, having valid causal interpretations, from the types of partial but useful molecular epidemiological and biological information often available in practice. The method applies probabilistic risk assessment concepts from systems reliability analysis, together with bounding constraints for the relationship between event probabilities and causation (such as that the probability that exposure X causes response Y cannot exceed the probability that exposure X precedes response Y, or the probability that both X and Y occur) to bound the contribution to causation from specific causal pathways. We illustrate the approach by estimating an upper bound on the contribution to lung cancer risk made by a specific, much-discussed causal pathway that links smoking to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (specifically, benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-DNA) adducts at hot spot codons at p53 in lung cells. The result is a surprisingly small preventable fraction (of perhaps 7% or less) for this pathway, suggesting that it will be important to consider other mechanisms and non-PAH constituents of tobacco smoke in designing less risky tobacco-based products. 相似文献
873.
874.
Jeremy Reynolds 《Journal of marriage and the family》2005,67(5):1313-1331
This study helps integrate the work‐life and work hours literatures by examining competing predictions about the relationship between work‐life conflict and the desire for paid work. Using data from the 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce (N =2,178), I find that work‐life conflict makes women want to decrease the number of hours they work whether the conflict originates at home or at work. Men only want to decrease their hours when work‐life conflict originates at work, and some men facing frequent conflict actually want to increase their hours. I also find that having children does not increase the likelihood of wanting to work fewer hours but having a higher income does. 相似文献
875.
Mothers’ increasing labour market participation is posed as a key aspect of a growing trend towards individualization — both for ill and for good. In ‘for ill’ versions, mothers’ employment is regarded as undermining commitment to family relationships and leading to a loss of community. In ‘for good’ versions, family and community relationships become contingent upon values of equality and respect. ‘Preference theory’ modifies the individualization thesis, with a posited distinction between mothers in full-time employment with ‘work-centred’ identities and those with part-time work who want ‘adaptive’ or ‘home-centred’ identities. This paper examines such issues, drawing on qualitative case study research on mothers employed full and part time in a hospital and an accountancy firm in the UK. It considers how the variable work ethos of organizations, and the ways mothers engage with these, can interact with their engagement in family and community relationships. In particular, it suggests that employment can be as much about social obligation in a local community, and commitment and obligations to family, as about individualized self-provision and options. 相似文献
876.
877.
Edward M. Levinson Heather L. Zeman Denise L. Ohler 《The Career development quarterly》2002,51(1):26-35
The authors assessed the reliability and validity of the Web‐based version of the Career Key (L. K. Jones, 1997). Ninety‐nine undergraduates completed the Web‐based version of the Career Key and the Self‐Directed Search‐Form R (J. L. Holland, 1994) in counterbalanced order and completed a second Career Key administration 2 weeks after completing the first test administration. Test—retest reliability ranged between .75 and .84 With the exception of the Conventional scale (.47), all concurrent validity coefficients were at or above .65. 相似文献
878.
Edward J. Schumacher 《Journal of Labor Research》2002,23(3):397-415
Conclusion I examine the role of technological change in health care labor markets. One of the biggest issues in the U.S. economy over
the recent past has been rapidly rising health care costs. Conventional wisdom holds the main factor driving these costs increases
has been technological change. These changes in technology have lead to a direct transformation in the delivery of health
care and have also lead to indirect transformations through the reshaping of the private and public insurance industry. My
findings are consistent with the idea that technological change has resulted in an increase in demand for higher skilled workers
in the industry, while being labor-saving among low-skill workers. The earnings of RNs and health therapists rose rapidly
over the 1983 to 1993 period, declined between 1993 and 1996, but then began to rise again after 1996. It is generally believed
that managed care has had a one-time cost reducing effect in the industry by eliminating some of the inefficiencies associated
with fee-for-service health insurance (Newhouse, 1992). The results here suggest a similar finding in the labor market.
I appreciate helpful comments from Laurence Baker, James Bennett, Ann Frost, Barry Hirsch, Joanne Spetz, and Daphne Taras. 相似文献
879.
Establishing a trusting relationship with your employees can help you transform your organization into a top performer. Examine how well-defined visions and goals are some of the keys to building that trust. 相似文献
880.
Edward Anthony Colozzi 《The Career development quarterly》2003,52(2):180-189
The author examines the role of values in the career decision‐making process and describes Depth‐Oriented Values Extraction (DOVE) as a process that translates various types of psychological data (e.g., Holland‐type themes) into values‐based terms and language that facilitate career decision making. The author presents a case study to demonstrate the implications of DOVE for career counseling and makes suggestions for counselors. 相似文献