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161.
Eric G. Benotsch PhD David W. Seal L. Yvonne Stevenson Cheryl Sitzler Jeffrey A. Kelly Laura M. Bogart 《Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment》2013,23(3):329-349
ABSTRACT The AIDS epidemic in Africa remains a serious health crisis. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Africa play a critical role in the delivery of HIV prevention services. An important barrier to their HIV prevention efforts is stigma directed at persons living with HIV/AIDS. In order to understand how stigma affects HIV prevention programming, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with NGO directors in 29 African countries. Qualitative analytic approaches were used to identify key themes. Substantial discrimination and stigmatization of HIV-positive persons was reported. HIV-positive women were particularly likely to suffer negative social and economic consequences. The stigma associated with HIV interfered with disclosure of HIV status, risk-reduction behaviors, and HIV testing, creating significant barriers to HIV prevention efforts. Interventions to reduce AIDS-related stigma in Africa are urgently needed. Reducing the burden of stigma is critical to fighting the epidemic in Africa and could play an important role in global HIV reduction. 相似文献
162.
Eric Haberer 《East European Jewish Affairs》2013,43(2):64-81
LATVIAN JEWRY UNDER THE NAZIS. EXTERMINATION AND RESISTANCE IM HA‐GAV EL HA‐KIR. LEHIMAT YEHUDEY LATVYA BA‐NATSIM. 1941–45 (With Their Backs To the Wall. The Armed Struggle of Latvian Jewry Against the Nazis, 1941–45), by Dov Levin. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Contemporary Jewry and Yad Vashem Memorial Institute, 1978. 313 pp. THE CZERNIAKOW DIARY THE WARSAW DIARY OF ADAM CZERNIAKOW. PRELUDE TO DOOM ed. by Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron and Josef Kermish. New York, Stein and Day, 1979. 420 pp. Illus. $16.95. AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO YIDDISH LITERARY CRITICISM. PORTRETN UN ETYUDN (Portraits and Studies), by Elias Schulman. New York, CYCO Publishers, 1979. 512 pp. RUSSIAN PARTIES AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION. NATSIONALNY VOPROS V PROGRAMMAKH I TAKTIKE POLITICHESKIKH PARTIY V ROSSII, 1905–1917 (The National Question in the Programmes and Tactics of the Political Parties in Russia, 1905–1917), by T. Yu. Burmistrova and V. S. Gusakova. Moscow, Mysl, 1976, 233 pp. AN ARAB VIEW OF SOVIET POLICIES THE SPHINX AND THE COMMISSAR: THE RISE AND FALL OF SOVIET INFLUENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, by‐Mohamed Heikal, London, Collins, 1978. 303 pp. Illus. Index. £6.95. 相似文献
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This article presents the findings of a qualitative study in a Flemish centre for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioural disorders. The aim of this study was twofold. First, we wanted to examine how youth reflect on their own behaviour and that of their peers'. Secondly, we wanted to know what, according to the youth, are the most significant helpful elements of treatment. Analysis shows a continuum of negative behaviour, ranging from relatively ‘normal’ disruptive behaviour such as arguing, up to serious disruptive behaviour such as physical aggression. This behaviour has a negative influence on the climate of the organization. ‘Availability of staff’, ‘nearness of staff’, ‘a clear set of rules and boundaries’, and ‘some time on my own/some alone time’ are perceived as helpful elements of treatment. ‘Strictness’, ‘not listening’, and ‘inappropriate staff attitudes and interventions’ are perceived as counterproductive elements of treatment. Results are discussed and recommendations both on the orthopedagogical as well as on the scientific level are formulated. 相似文献
166.
Eric Carlson Gene Coffey John Fecondo Robert Newcomer 《Journal of Housing for the Elderly》2013,27(1):5-27
Medicaid waiver programs financing assisted living care are examined in five states to gain insights about program implementation, accomplishments, and challenges. Documents, augmented with stakeholder interviews, are used to describe income eligibility, options for supplementing payments to facilities, risk adjustment payment levels, and participation. Needs determination and waiver-based payments are in place. Eligibility and funding levels are complicated by room and board allocations that are linked to the federal benefit rate for Supplemental Security Income. Provider participation may be diminishing. Many recipients have to accept shared occupancy as program payments are insufficient for single units. 相似文献
167.
We model the impact of past migration on fertility, assessing the separate effects of relative urbanization of the destination, as a proxy for norms, and post-migration employment, as a proxy for opportunity costs. In the Philippines, we find that large fertility declines accompany post-migration employment. If not followed by work for pay, the estimated fertility impact of migration is small. We find little evidence of migrant selectivity in fertility, and offer speculative evidence that fertility disruption accompanying migration may be large enough to account for much of the apparent effect of normative adaptation. 相似文献
168.
The phenomenon of cognitive enhancement is attracting attention in bioethics literature and beyond, in public policy. In response, three bodies—the British Medical Association (BMA); the Commission de l'éthique de la Science et de la technologie (CEST) du Québec; the American Academy of Neurology (AAN)—have produced reports and guidance on this topic. To gain insights into different public policy approaches, rationales, and recommendations on the topic, we analyzed these reports in depth. We found convergence on the definition (with the exception of the CEST) of cognitive enhancement. However, we noted a lack of critical reflection with respect to the underlying rationale for developing these reports, i.e., that cognitive enhancement practices are rampant and represent major social changes. As it currently stands, cognitive enhancement is constituted in a way that challenges the creation of coherent and effective policy recommendations. However, policy makers should not simply wait for definitional consensus and hope that on balance the benefits turn out to be greater than the risks. Some components of cognitive enhancement could be reduced down to clearly identified policy targets to be further examined. Then, if appropriate, policy should be created that is, amongst other criteria, beneficial to the majority of the population. 相似文献
169.
Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) attenuates the menopause-associated alterations in body composition. It is not known, however, whether this effect is a result of a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. The authors examined whether women submitted to a long-term HRT treatment presented greater energy expenditure than women who had never used HRT. We compared 13 postmenopausal women using HRT (>1 yr) with 13 age- (+/-2 yr) and body-mass-index-matched (BMI; +/-1.5 kg/m2) postmenopausal women not using HRT. Resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry), body composition, and daily (DEE) and physical activity (PAEE) energy expenditure (accelerometry) were obtained. Although BMI, fat mass, fat-free mass, DEE, and PAEE were similar between groups, the HRT group displayed a significantly greater REE than the no-HRT group (Delta +222 kcal/day). In conclusion, the authors observed that a long-term treatment with HRT is associated with a greater REE in postmenopausal women. These results need to be confirmed. 相似文献
170.
Extended enterprises face many challenges in managing the product quality of their suppliers. Consequently characterizing the quality risk posed by value‐chain partners has become increasingly important. There have been several recent efforts to develop frameworks for rating the quality risk posed by suppliers. We develop an analytical model to examine the impact of such quality ratings on suppliers, manufacturers, and social welfare. While it might seem that quality ratings would benefit high‐quality suppliers and hurt low‐quality suppliers, we show that this is not always the case. We find that such quality ratings can hurt both types of suppliers or benefit both, depending on the market conditions. We also find that quality ratings do not always benefit the most demanding manufacturers who desire high‐quality suppliers. Finally, we find that social welfare is not always improved by risk ratings. These results suggest that public policy initiatives addressing risk ratings must be carefully considered. 相似文献