文学与文化——以欧洲文学与欧洲文学史研究为例

本文探讨了文学与文化的关系问题,强调文化的整体性和有机性以及文化传统的历史影响,主张文学与文学史的研究必须在相应的文化传统的框架里进行。作者以欧洲文学和文学史研究为例,指出缺乏欧洲文化传统整体意识的文学研究往往容易使研究成果沦为地理与时间的碎片。     

论道德的概念与论证

启蒙以来的现代境况使得道德及其论证的问题既重要又困难。一方面,传统论道德连同其更高真理包含着无法论证的前提,因而所有道德的核心必须还原到规范之自然的或合理的基本存在之上;另一方面,契约论以及其他现代道德替代品涉及的仅仅是一种外部的社会裁定,而道德则是一种在羞愧、义愤等道德感受中感受到的内部的社会裁定。因此,道德的可能性只在于:本质上将自身理解为一个共同体一般以及与此相关的受到普遍尊重之观念的环节。     

Modification of shiftwork effects by chemical workplace exposure

Abstract

Possible chronotoxic effects were the reason to study chemical workplace exposure under the special condition of shiftwork. Eight shiftworkers occupationally exposed to acetone vapours and eight controls were investigated during fast-rotated shiftwork. The mean concentration of acetone during the shifts was close to 1000 ppm (2400 mg/m³). Data on well-being and acute symptoms, but not on performance, indicate that the exposure contributed mainly in an additive way to the negative effects of shiftwork. As a consequence, the exposed shiftworkers revealed enhanced impairments during the night-shift.     

解释学纲要

施莱尔马赫的解释学思想主要体现在他身后出版的《解释学与校勘学》中,此书的总序和导论以纲要的方式表达了他在这个领域中的基本观点。他明确地界定了解释学与校勘学,区分了普遍解释学和特殊解释学、语法解释和心理解释、解释学的严格的实践和不严格的实践,突出了语言在解释学中的核心地位,对解释学循环作了明确的表述,并提出了浪漫主义解释学的著名口号——我们能像作者理解的一样并能做到比作者理解他自己理解得更好——等重要的思想。     

Patent portfolios for strategic R&D planning

Empirical research has found a discrepancy between the perceived importance and the actual level of information on competitor's R&D strategies. It has been argued in the literature that patent information might be used to overcome this information deficit. However, empirical research further reveals that patent information is rarely used in strategic R&D planning. The present paper explores this issue and introduces two types of patent portfolios for strategic R&D planning. In patent portfolios on the company level, patenting strategies are identified and the quality of overall technological positions is benchmarked against relevant competitors. In addition, we present a patent portfolio on the technological level, which, as it is known from various technology portfolios, helps companies to manage the allocation of R&D resources effectively. Based on patent data from 21 German, European and Japanese mechanical engineering companies we show the application of both patent portfolios for strategic R&D planning purposes. The patent portfolios prove to be a very valuable tool for R&D decision makers in companies. Based on the experiences made in the case study, recommendation for the effective use of patent portfolios are formulated.     

What makes foster carers think about quitting? Recommendations for improved retention of foster carers

Ideation, or the formulation of ideas pertaining to a particular topic, is the precursor to individuals making significant life decisions. Many individuals think about foster caring long before they actually become carers, and it stands to reason that in many cases, carer discontinuation also follows a period of ideation. This being the case, it is possible that by monitoring ideation, interventions could be introduced to prevent placement disruptions occurring, particularly if the sources of dissatisfaction are known. Using a sample of 205 foster carers, a posteriori segmentation analysis identifies groups of carers dissatisfied with the same aspects of their role. One group is particularly dissatisfied with factors that are within the control of foster care agencies and also reports high levels of discontinuation ideation. Recommendations include that the individual support needs of carers be identified such that customized support can be offered, including boosting initial and ongoing training to manage expectations and ensure carers feel prepared for the role. Results also highlight the important role of caseworkers in making carers feel appreciated and taken seriously.     

Fairness and Contract Design

We show experimentally that fairness concerns may have a decisive impact on the actual and optimal choice of contracts in a moral hazard context. Bonus contracts that offer a voluntary and unenforceable bonus for satisfactory performance provide powerful incentives and are superior to explicit incentive contracts when there are some fair‐minded players, but trust contracts that pay a generous wage up front are less efficient than incentive contracts. The principals understand this and predominantly choose the bonus contracts. These results are consistent with recently developed theories of fairness, which offer important new insights into the interaction of contract choices, fairness, and incentives.