Testing for Mutual Exclusivity

A test for two events being mutually exclusive is presented for the case in which there are known rates of misclassification of the events. The test can be utilized in other situations, such as to test whether a set is a subset of another set. In the test, the null value of the probability of the intersection is replaced by the expected value of the number determined to be in the intersection by the imperfect diagnostic tools. The test statistic is the number in a sample that is judged to be in the intersection. Medical testing applications are emphasized.     

A Monte Carlo study of traditional and rank-based picked-points analyses

In analysis of covariance with heteroscedastic slopes a picked-points analysis is often performed. Least-squares based picked-points analyses often lose efficiency (at times substantial) for nonnormal error distributions. Robust rank-based picked-points analyses are developed which are optimizable for heavy-tailed and/or skewed error distributions. The results of a Monte Carlo investigation of these analyses are presented. The situations include the normal model and models which violate it in one or several ways. Empirically the rank-based analyses appear to be valid over all these situations and more powerful than the least squares analysis for all the nonnormal models, while losing little efficiency at the normal model.     

Vocal and Physiological Changes in Response to the Physical Attractiveness of Conversational Partners

We examined how individuals may change their voices when speaking to attractive versus unattractive individuals, and if it were possible for others to perceive these vocal changes. In addition, we examined if any concurrent physiological effects occurred when speaking with individuals who varied in physical attractiveness. We found that both sexes used a lower-pitched voice and showed a higher level of physiological arousal when speaking to the more attractive, opposite-sex target. Furthermore, independent raters evaluated the voice samples directed toward the attractive target (versus the unattractive target) as sounding more pleasant when the two voice samples from the same person presented had a reasonably perceptually noticeable difference in pitch. These findings may have implications for the role voice plays in mate selection and attraction.     

Hybrid Strategies: Allocating Involvement in the Digital Age

An important trait of mobile phones is their capacity to superimpose multiple social interactions in time and space. Little research examines how individuals choose between face‐to‐face and digitally mediated interactions in specific social contexts. Drawing upon focus group interviews with a diverse sample of university students in the United States, we argue that, contrary to a perspective that is popular in theory and journalistic commentary, mobile phone users do not experience the digital and the face‐to‐face as distinct realms. In deciding where to direct their attention, users enmesh the distant and the present, making moves that are expressive and strategic in their own right that reveal the interest, intimacy and urgency that users place in multiple, coinciding social involvements.     

Modern marriage and ancient evidence

Harvey J. Graff, The Legacies of Literacy. Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society (1987), x + 493 (Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, $57.50).

Miri Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge (1987), xiv + 365 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £30.00).

Herbert P. Bix, Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590–1884 (1986), xxxviii + 296 (Yale University Press, £30.00).

Stephen Vlastos, Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan (1986), xii + 184 (University of California Press, £16.95).

Howard Newby, Country Life: A Social History of Rural England (1987), 250 (Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, £14.95).

Pat Hudson, The Genesis of Industrial Capital: A Study of the West Riding Wool Textile Industry c. 1750–1850 (1986), xiii + 345 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £25.00).

R. J. Morris (ed.), Class, Power and Social Structure in British Nineteenth‐century Towns (1986), xiii + 222 (Leicester University Press, Leicester, £27.50).

Barbara Caine, Destined to be Wives. The Sisters of Beatrice Webb (1986), xvi + 276 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, £15.00).

Pat Jalland, Women, Marriage and Politics 1860–1914 (1986), xii + 366 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £19.50).

Frederick Cooper, On the African Waterfront. Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa (1987), xvi + 290 (Yale University Press, New Haven, £25.00).

Donald Howard Bell, Sesto San Giovanni. Workers, Culture, and Politics in an Italian Town, 1880–1922 (1986), 295 (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick and London, $38.00).

Alice A. Kelikian, Town and Country under Fascism. The Transformation of Brescia 1915–1926 (1986), 228 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £25.00).

David Gartman, Auto Slavery: The Labour Process in the American Automobile Industry, 1897–1950 (1986), xv + 348 (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, $19.95).

Arthur J. Kuhn, GM Passes Ford, 1918–38: Designing the General Motors Performance‐Control System (1986), xii + 380 (Pennsylvania University Press, $29.75).

Steve Jefferys, Management and Managed: Fifty Years of Crisis at Chrysler (1986), xiv + 290 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £25.00).

Paul Buhle, Marxism in the USA: From 1870 to the Present (1987), 299 (Verso, paperback £8.95).

D.C. Coleman, History and the Economic Past: An Account of the Rise and Decline of Economic History in Britain (1987), 150 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £17.50).     

Job Search Techniques as Employment Channels: Differential Effects on the Initial Employment Success of College Graduates

A conceptual framework suggests that employers will favor applicants from specific employment channels (job search techniques) depending on the qualifications sought. Logistic regression was used to analyze the responses of 1012 baccalaureate graduates to a survey 1 month after graduation. The results support the proposition that alternative search techniques have differential effects depending on the qualifications offered. All search techniques except 1 revealed interaction effects, favoring or limiting graduates with specific characteristics such as appropriate specialization and higher ability. Direct contact with employers and early initiation of search contributed directly to initial baccalaureate-level employment.     

Human dimensions of forest management: an empirical study of stakeholder perspectives

Although much has been written on the human dimensions of forest management, there has been little empirical investigation of how forest stakeholders themselves conceptualize this domain. We used a conceptual content cognitive mapping (3CM) task along with a short survey to explore the perspectives of 23 forest stakeholders in the Pacific Northwest on the human factors relevant to appropriate forest management. Study participants were chosen from three groups: employees of the U.S. Forest Service at the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie Forest, employees of a large timber company, and area environmentalists. Three distinct human dimensions emerged: Traditional intangible benefits (aesthetic concerns, recreation and cultural resources), Values and expectations (considering multiple values, maintaining public expectations, considering social acceptability and maintaining public confidence in forestry), and Process issues indecision making (public involvement, communication across boundaries, collaboration and taking an interdisciplinary approach). In this article, we discuss these three dimensions, the differences found among the stakeholder groups in the importance they placed on each of these dimensions, and the benefits of the 3CM method in this context.