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201.
Missing covariate values is a common problem in survival analysis. In this paper we propose a novel method for the Cox regression model that is close to maximum likelihood but avoids the use of the EM-algorithm. It exploits that the observed hazard function is multiplicative in the baseline hazard function with the idea being to profile out this function before carrying out the estimation of the parameter of interest. In this step one uses a Breslow type estimator to estimate the cumulative baseline hazard function. We focus on the situation where the observed covariates are categorical which allows us to calculate estimators without having to assume anything about the distribution of the covariates. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal, and derive a consistent estimator of the variance–covariance matrix that does not involve any choice of a perturbation parameter. Moderate sample size performance of the estimators is investigated via simulation and by application to a real data example. 相似文献
202.
In this paper, we define and study a new notion for the comparison of the hazard rates of two random variables taking into account their mutual dependence. Properties, applications and the comparison for a data set are given. 相似文献
203.
204.
The nonparametric two-sample bootstrap is applied to computing uncertainties of measures in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on large datasets in areas such as biometrics, speaker recognition, etc. when the analytical method cannot be used. Its validation was studied by computing the standard errors of the area under ROC curve using the well-established analytical Mann–Whitney statistic method and also using the bootstrap. The analytical result is unique. The bootstrap results are expressed as a probability distribution due to its stochastic nature. The comparisons were carried out using relative errors and hypothesis testing. These match very well. This validation provides a sound foundation for such computations. 相似文献
205.
206.
Marcel de Toledo Vieira Maria de Fátima Salgueiro Peter W. F. Smith 《Journal of applied statistics》2016,43(7):1310-1321
We investigate the impacts of complex sampling on point and standard error estimates in latent growth curve modelling of survey data. Methodological issues are illustrated with empirical evidence from the analysis of longitudinal data on life satisfaction trajectories using data from the British Household Panel Survey, a national representative survey in Great Britain. A multi-process second-order latent growth curve model with conditional linear growth is used to study variation in the two perceived life satisfaction latent factors considered. The benefits of accounting for the complex survey design are considered, including obtaining unbiased both point and standard error estimates, and therefore correctly specified confidence intervals and statistical tests. We conclude that, even for the rather elaborated longitudinal data models that were considered, estimation procedures are affected by variance-inflating impacts of complex sampling. 相似文献
207.
Following up on a research note by Stephen Moore published in 1985, this article compares the results of the survey conducted
in 1985 against one carried out in 2006 on the views of eminent social scientists (economists, political scientists, psychologists,
sociologists, historians and anthropologists) on immigration issues. Specifically, the surveys report on whether the respondents
are likely to favor an increase in the number of immigrants who are allowed into the United States and other issues such as
whether immigrants improve the economy.
Rita J. Simon is a sociologist who earned her doctorate at the University of Chicago. She is currently a “University Professor” in the School of Public Affairs and the Washington College of Law at American University, Washington, DC. Professor Simon has authored 37 books and edited 19 including: Immigration the World Over with James P. Lynch. She served as editor of The American Sociological Review and from 1983–1986 as editor of Justice Quarterly. In 1966, she received a Guggenheim Fellowship. Jennifer Kanaan is a doctoral candidate in Justice, Law and Society at American University in Washington, DC. 相似文献
Rita J. SimonEmail: |
Rita J. Simon is a sociologist who earned her doctorate at the University of Chicago. She is currently a “University Professor” in the School of Public Affairs and the Washington College of Law at American University, Washington, DC. Professor Simon has authored 37 books and edited 19 including: Immigration the World Over with James P. Lynch. She served as editor of The American Sociological Review and from 1983–1986 as editor of Justice Quarterly. In 1966, she received a Guggenheim Fellowship. Jennifer Kanaan is a doctoral candidate in Justice, Law and Society at American University in Washington, DC. 相似文献
208.
Janssen DF 《Journal of sex research》2007,44(2):122-134
Both the findings and the limitations of numeric milestone research in sexology have a bearing on the pedagogical status of pleasure, as well as the cultural underpinnings of the notion of a psychosexual milestone. An overview is offered of international data pertaining to the chronology of three "milestones" in sexual autobiography: first orgasm (orgasmarche), first ejaculation (oigarche), and first wet dream (nocturnal emission). Methodological problems associated with the measurement of these variables are discussed. These problems are then situated in a culturalist perspective. It is concluded that orgasms are cultural artifacts in terms of their chronological occurrence as well as perceived salience, necessity, and "age appropriateness". 相似文献
209.
This study examined whether the efficacy of keepin' it REAL, a model program for substance use prevention in schools, was moderated by gender, ethnicity, and acculturation. Gender differences in program efficacy may arise through boys' higher risk of drug use, inadequate attention to girls' developmental issues, or cultural factors like polarized gender expectations. Data came from a randomized trial in 35 Phoenix, Arizona, middle schools involving 4,622 mostly Latino 7th graders. Using multi-level mixed models and multiple imputation missing techniques, results for the total sample showed no gender differences in program effects on recent substance use, but the program was more effective in fostering boys' than girls' anti-drug norms. Subgroup analyses demonstrated several more beneficial program effects for boys than girls (less alcohol and cigarette use and stronger anti-drug norms), but only among less acculturated Latinos. There were no gender differences in program effects among more acculturated Latinos, nor among non-Latino whites. 相似文献
210.
As canons for trustworthiness developed explicitly in the discourse of qualitative inquiry, the emphasis was on procedural matters rather than fundamentally relational ones. A nod was made to the relational in such strategies as “member checks” but the issues of how the evaluator actually relates to participants and to the larger communities of practice and discourse—matters subsumed under moral principles and ethical standards—were often marginalized. This chapter posits that the first consideration in designing and conducting rigorous evaluation inquiry, and in critiquing the results of any research, should be the study's trustworthiness. Judging a study's trustworthiness, however, should focus on much more than procedural matters; it should also rely on moral principles and ethical standards which specifically address how we relate to an evaluation's participants. Central to these considerations are cross-cultural sensibilities about the nuanced meanings associated with any principles and standards. The chapter provides a theoretical framework for this position and offers two illustrative examples in the form of dialogues. 相似文献