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21.
Rumination can cause numerous problems for an individual. Previous studies have indicated that the tendency of women toward rumination is greater than that of men. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how rumination might affect marital conflict in Iranian women. This qualitative study has a thematic analysis design. Using purposeful sampling, women were recruited to be interviewed using a semistructured manual, and the sampling continued until it reached saturation (N = 63). Analysis of the data showed that findings could be grouped into 5 themes: insecure attachment style, deteriorating behaviors, deactivation, uncertainty about the relationship, and negative emotions. The finding of this research is that when marital conflicts are not solved, insecure attachment styles are activated, possibly resulting in rumination. As a result, rumination will exacerbate the negative emotions and marital relationship quality.  相似文献   
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ABSTRACT

Health professionals respond to biohazards according to international guidelines. However, concerns over the applicability of guidelines do exist since local conditions, as well as cultural traits of communities, tend to differ. Community-Based Health Organisations (CBHOs) are gatekeepers of communities whose roles and responsibilities have been assessed in this study to learn how they can assist health systems in times of biohazards. We conducted a content analysis among directors of CBHOs and disaster authorities. The participants read a hypothetical scenario, followed by a semi-structured interview. The results showed that more investments should be made to improve the functional roles of CBHOs during biological hazards by filling capacity gaps and take advantage of existing capabilities. Therefore, communities need to direct their efforts in the context of social capitals and leading strategies. As long as the state’ policies and strategies limit the power of communities, the CBHOs will experience social exclusion and equality.  相似文献   
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Problem

The steep increase and inappropriateness of caesarean birth represent a healthcare problem in Iran.

Aim

The purpose of study was to evaluate the effect of a campaign based on social marketing to promote normal childbirth.

Method

The study was designed as a prospective case control study. The social marketing campaign was implemented from March 2016 to January 2017. A demographic data questionnaire, obstetrical history questionnaire, maternal knowledge assessment questionnaire, and maternal health belief questionnaire comprised the instruments for this study. Only women planning a caesarean birth without any medical indications for the caesarean were enrolled in the study as a case. Those who met the same inclusion criteria and did not want to participate in the campaign were assigned to the control group.

Findings

In total, 350 first-time pregnant women who composed the campaign group (n = 194) and control group (n = 156) completed the study. The mean baseline level of knowledge and Health Belief Model component score did not differ between the two groups at baseline. However, after the campaign, knowledge scores, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and cues to action scores differed significantly between the campaign and control groups. The follow-up of all participants in both groups showed that 35.6% (n = 69) of participants in the campaign group chose natural birth as their birth method, whereas only 13.5% (n = 21) in the control group delivered their newborn vaginally.

Conclusion

The B Butterfly social marketing campaign successfully targeted first-time pregnant women who chose to have unnecessary elective cesarean births.  相似文献   
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Difficult conversations about isms, power, privilege, and oppression are an essential part of social work education, and they present unique challenges for students and faculty. The current study examined students’ and faculty’s perceptions of the safety of the classroom and the competence of the faculty in facilitating difficult conversations at a graduate school of social work in New York City. Student and faculty versions of a survey were distributed to both groups. Results indicated students rated the experience of having difficult conversations at the school significantly more negatively than the faculty did. The majority of respondents expressed the need for courses and training to be more fluent in having difficult conversations. Future directions are discussed based on the findings.  相似文献   
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ABSTRACT

Mixed Poisson distributions are widely used in various applications of count data mainly when extra variation is present. This paper introduces an extension in terms of a mixed strategy to jointly deal with extra-Poisson variation and zero-inflated counts. In particular, we propose the Poisson log-skew-normal distribution which utilizes the log-skew-normal as a mixing prior and present its main properties. This is directly done through additional hierarchy level to the lognormal prior and includes the Poisson lognormal distribution as its special case. Two numerical methods are developed for the evaluation of associated likelihoods based on the Gauss–Hermite quadrature and the Lambert's W function. By conducting simulation studies, we show that the proposed distribution performs better than several commonly used distributions that allow for over-dispersion or zero inflation. The usefulness of the proposed distribution in empirical work is highlighted by the analysis of a real data set taken from health economics contexts.  相似文献   
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Networks have become an increasingly important mode of public governance. ICT mechanisms, especially virtual systems will potentially establish this idea. This paper is based on a comparative analysis of three cases which are chosen to be particularly illustrative of the three virtual governance networking policies. In light of case study results, we have demonstrated that it is possible to devise a theoretically acceptable prospect of world countries concerning virtual governance networking policies.  相似文献   
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Sexuality and divorce are two interwoven subjects with complex effects on women's sexual well-being in Iranian culture. Results of this exploratory study using focus group discussions and individual interviews revealed how the sexual well-being of women was influenced by the divorce experience through common patterns and recurring themes. A total of 26 women participated voluntarily in the study. They were approached through a selected social support group in a center in West Tehran in 2011, and all had been divorced for less than 10 years. For the majority, sexuality-related matters became complicated and jeopardized their overall well-being in postdivorce life. This finding, along with the fact that the majority were seeking financial and emotional support, implies that counseling women and providing economic support for postdivorce life might improve women's sexual well-being.  相似文献   
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