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831.
Paula Perre Rafael D. Loyola Thomas M. Lewinsohn Mário Almeida-Neto 《Urban Ecosystems》2011,14(4):711-722
Exotic plant species very often comprise a large proportion of urban floras. Because herbivorous insects depend on the presence
of suitable host plants to maintain their populations, it is imperative to elucidate the relative importance of native and
exotic hosts to understand the response of herbivorous guilds to urbanization. By using a plant-herbivore system composed
of Asteraceae hosts and flower-head endophagous insects, we investigated whether the diversity and composition of herbivorous
insects differs between native and exotic host-plant species in an urban environment. Although we found only seven exotic
Asteraceae among the 30 species recorded, the overall abundance of exotics was considerably greater than that of native host
plants. Overall, the exotic host species supported a small subset of the herbivore assemblage found on the native ones. The
number of herbivore species per host species was significantly higher among the native plants, but we did not find a difference
in herbivore abundance. Moreover, the higher taxonomic composition of herbivores on exotic Asteraceae was reduced, being composed
of only three genera and two families from a total of 16 genera and six families of herbivores. These results provide support
for the idea that plants outside of their original geographic distribution have lower loads of enemies than phylogenetically
related native species. Our findings indicate that native host plants in urban areas play a critical role in supporting the
native herbivorous insect fauna. 相似文献
832.
This study develops a conceptual framework with a capabilities and agency approach for analyzing work–life balance (WLB) applied in two societies (Hungary and Sweden), which have different working time regimes, levels of precarious employment, and gender equality discourses and norms. Inspired by Amartya Sen, we present a model illustrating how agency freedom for WLB depends on multiple resources at the individual, work organizational, institutional, and normative/societal levels. Using a unique qualitative survey conducted in two cities, Budapest and Stockholm, we analyze how mothers and fathers subjectively experience the tensions between family and work demands, and their possibilities for alternative choices (agency freedom). We find similarities in these tensions involving time pressure and time poverty, cutting across gender and education. Our Hungarian parents, nevertheless, experience greater agency inequalities for WLB, which reflect weaker institutional resources (conversion factors) as well as cultural/societal norms that act as constraints for WLB claims in the workplace and household. Our study reveals that Swedish parents, both men and women, express a strong sense of entitlement to exercise rights to care. 相似文献
833.
Tilcsik A 《AJS; American journal of sociology》2011,117(2):586-626
This article presents the first large-scale audit study of discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. Pairs of fictitious résumés were sent in response to 1,769 job postings in seven states. One résumé in each pair was randomly assigned experience in a gay campus organization, and the other résumé was assigned a control organization. Two main findings have emerged. First, in some but not all states, there was significant discrimination against the fictitious applicants who appeared to be gay. This geographic variation in the level of discrimination appears to reflect regional differences in attitudes and antidiscrimination laws. Second, employers who emphasized the importance of stereotypically male heterosexual traits were particularly likely to discriminate against openly gay men. Beyond these particular findings, this study advances the audit literature more generally by covering multiple regions and by highlighting how audit techniques may be used to identify stereotypes that affect employment decisions in real labor markets. 相似文献
834.
Ricardo Aláez‐Aller Juan Carlos Longás‐García Miren Ullibarri‐Arce 《Gender, Work and Organization》2011,18(Z1):e49-e87
The purpose of this article is to illustrate differences in the gender wage gap in 13 EU member states, using figures taken from the Household Panel for 2000. The methodology is based primarily on the kernel density functions of men's and women's wages. A range of situations can be observed from the Mediterranean countries (with a smaller gender pay gap) to the very specific cases of Austria and the UK and to northern European countries where the gender pay gap is chiefly the result of a larger proportion of men at higher‐paid levels. We also offer conclusions on the relevance of public employment, part‐time employment and short‐term hiring to explain the gender wage gap in each of the countries studied. 相似文献
835.
Orozco Daniel L. R. Sales Lucas O. F. Fernández Luz M. Z. Pinho André L. S. 《AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis》2021,105(4):559-580
AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis - Integer-valued time series, seen as a collection of observations measured sequentially over time, have been studied with deep notoriety in recent years, with... 相似文献
836.
Pérez-Salamero González Juan Manuel Regúlez-Castillo Marta Vidal-Meliá Carlos 《Revue europeenne de demographie》2021,37(3):697-725
European Journal of Population - The aim of this paper is to examine differences in life expectancy (LE) between self-employed (SE) and paid employee (PE) workers when they become retirement... 相似文献
837.
838.
Joaquina?Palomar?LeverEmail author Nuria?Lanzagorta?Pi?ol Jorge?Hernández?Uralde 《Social indicators research》2005,73(3):375-408
This study was carried out for the purpose of explaining the mediating effects of a number of psychological variables (strategies for coping with stress, competitiveness, mastery, locus of control, depression and self-esteem) in the relationship between poverty and the well-being of individuals. To carry out the study, a non-probabilistic, stratified sample was used, with the participation of 918 inhabitants of Mexico City from three socioeconomic levels: extremely poor, moderately poor and not poor. A structural model was used for the analysis and treatment of data, and on the basis of that model, it was proven that there are different trajectories (mediations) through which poverty influences subjective well-being. The findings are discussed in light of the literature. 相似文献
839.
Cáel M. Keegan 《Journal of homosexuality》2020,67(3):384-397
ABSTRACTThis essay maps the epistemological terrain trans* studies may face as it is widely incorporated into queer studies programs, often housed within women’s studies departments. Over the past two decades, queer studies and women’s studies have rapidly professionalized, producing new modes of disciplinary power that may seek to either include or cite trans* studies, often without fully welcoming its specific material and political investments. Under such conditions, trans* studies may find itself heard largely as a but—an epistemic blockage, a distraction from proper objects, a hindrance to customary methods—that must be disciplined. 相似文献
840.
Zdeněk Drábek 《Journal of Policy Modeling》1981,3(1):19-35
The foreign trade structure of Czechoslovakia is examined to explain the intensive absorption of natural resources in centrally planned economies (CPEs). A comparison with Austria using input-output pricing models indicates that imports are the main source of this foreign trade bias. This is traced to a bias in technology and domestic preferences towards natural resource products. It is concluded that pricing in CPEs should reflect the resulting scarcities. 相似文献