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161.
Different strategies have been proposed to improve mixing and convergence properties of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms.
These are mainly concerned with customizing the proposal density in the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to the specific target
density and require a detailed exploratory analysis of the stationary distribution and/or some preliminary experiments to
determine an efficient proposal. Various Metropolis–Hastings algorithms have been suggested that make use of previously sampled
states in defining an adaptive proposal density. Here we propose a general class of adaptive Metropolis–Hastings algorithms
based on Metropolis–Hastings-within-Gibbs sampling. For the case of a one-dimensional target distribution, we present two
novel algorithms using mixtures of triangular and trapezoidal densities. These can also be seen as improved versions of the
all-purpose adaptive rejection Metropolis sampling (ARMS) algorithm to sample from non-logconcave univariate densities. Using
various different examples, we demonstrate their properties and efficiencies and point out their advantages over ARMS and
other adaptive alternatives such as the Normal Kernel Coupler. 相似文献
162.
François‐Xavier Devetter 《Gender, Work and Organization》2009,16(4):429-450
The aim of the article is to examine differences in work time from a gender perspective. To this end, a concept broader than mere duration of work time is constructed. This concept, which we call time availability, encompasses not only the volume of hours worked but also the scheduling and predictability of those hours. It is measured by a synthetic indicator showing the extent to which a given group of workers exceeds the societal time norm. After a presentation of the French context, we show that women seem to have less time availability, particularly at the ages that are most decisive in career terms. But these differences do not concern the same aspects of time availability. Thus the time constraints experienced mainly by women are less socially visible and hence undervalued by employers. This lower visibility comes, for a large part, from the social perception of women professionals. 相似文献
163.
164.
Françoise Forges 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):403-419
We propose two classes of allocation games for N.T.U. and T.U. exchange economies in which initial endowments and preferences depend on the agents’ private information. In both models, agents make non-verifiable claims about their types and effective deposits of consumption goods, which are redistributed by the planner. In a W-allocation game, the agents can withhold part of their endowment, namely consume whatever they do not deposit. In a D-allocation game, the agents can just destroypart of their endowment. W- and D- incentive compatible (I.C.) direct allocation mechanisms ask every agent to reveal his type and to make a deposit consistent with his reported type. The revelation principle holds in full generality for D-I.C. mechanisms but some care is needed for W-I.C. mechanisms. We further investigate the properties of both classes of mechanisms under common assumptions like non-exclusive information and/or constant aggregate endowment. In T.U. economies, W-I.C. and D-I.C. mechanisms are ex ante equivalent. 相似文献
165.
This paper examines the role of parents’ and children’s incomes in the ‘leaving home’ decisions of young adults in Europe. Using the ECHP data on 11 European countries, results from random and fixed-effects models suggest that the leaving home decision is positively related to the child’s income. The effect of parents’ income is less clear and of lower magnitude. These patterns are broadly similar among European countries, in spite of significant differences in the institutional contexts. 相似文献
166.
The age‐specific rate of mortality change with age, defined by k(x) = d Inμ(x)/dx, where μ(x) is the age‐specific death rate at exact age x, is estimated for middle and old ages in ten selected populations that are considered to have relatively accurate age data. For females in each of the study populations, k(x) follows a bell‐shaped curve that usually peaks around age 75. In some of the populations, the age pattern of k(x) for males is confounded with substantial cohort variations, which seem to reflect long‐term impacts of their World War I experiences. Among the mathematical models proposed by Gompertz, Makeham, Perks and Beard, only the Perks model is consistent with the bell‐shaped pattern of k(x). It is shown that, if the risk of death for every individual follows the Makeham equation and if the individual frailty is gamma‐distributed, then the age‐specific death rate follows the Perks equation. 相似文献
167.
Over the last several years there has been increasing awareness of the connection between domestic violence and child abuse, yet only minimal attention has been paid to the implications of this for child protection practice. This article begins to address this gap. Drawing on research undertaken in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, it examines child protection practice in relation to children and young people who have been exposed to domestic violence. The research involved analysis of the responses of the statutory child protection authority in NSW (the Department of Community Services or DoCS) to abuse allegations involving domestic violence. The data are drawn from observation and analysis of the initial responses to referrals to DoCS and the ‘tracking’ of a sample of these referrals over an 18 month period. From the data obtained, it is evident that domestic violence referrals are treated less seriously than other referrals, with more being confirmed as abuse but fewer resulting in follow up or intervention. The implications of this for child protection practice are teased out. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
168.
François Bourguignon Francisco H. G. Ferreira Phillippe G. Leite 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2008,6(2):117-148
This paper develops a method to decompose differences across distributions of household income, based on counterfactual distributions
that ‘lie between’ the actually observed distributions. Our approach decomposes differences between any two income distributions
(or functionals such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares due to price effects; occupational structure effects;
and endowment effects. Comparing the household income distributions of the USA and Brazil in 1999, we find that most of Brazil’s
excess inequality (of 13 Gini points) is accounted for by underlying inequalities in the distributions of education and of
non-labor income, notably pensions (between four and six Gini points each). Steeper returns to education in Brazil also make
an important contribution (of two to five points). Differences in occupational structure and in racial and demographic composition
are much less important.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
169.
170.