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221.
We evaluated the effects of landscape characteristics associated with urbanization, as well as local features, on butterfly
species richness at four spatial scales (50, 150, 500, and 1,000 m from survey plots). We also evaluated these effects separately
by butterfly guilds based on their region-wide rarity and on degree of specialization. The distribution of abundances of the
44 species observed showed an excess of uncommon species compared to a log-normal distribution, and the two most abundant
species were exotic (Thymelicus lineola and Pieris rapae). We used an information theoretic approach to model selection to determine the most important correlates of butterfly species
richness. Models of mean butterfly richness per visit explained greater variance than did models of cumulative richness across
the season. Cumulative butterfly species richness was affected more at larger spatial scales, while richness per visit was
affected similarly at all spatial scales. The most consistent local factor affecting butterfly diversity was the number of
nectar producing plants that were flowering. The most consistent landscape-level correlates of species richness were number
of people (at small spatial scales) and green space. Measures of increased urbanization were associated with decreased butterfly
species richness, and rare and specialized species were most affected. Species that were regionally rare, and those that specialized
both in host plants and had few broods, disappeared with declining richness across sites 2.9–4.5 times faster than did generalists
and less restricted specialists. 相似文献
222.
Household fatherhood (living with a partner and her children) is increasingly common, which also increases the types of family situations men can choose. This paper examines factors distinguishing men's partnership and parental statuses in the United States and Sweden. These countries differ in state support to families. Unlike the United States, in Sweden the presence of a man in a relationship with a woman with children has little effect on receipt of alternative forms of income support and health insurance, lowering the cost of men's membership in families. We examine how resources (earned income and education) affect men's family relationships in these two countries. 相似文献
223.
Carroll K Ross HC Evans D France L Hemmings R Hughes S Lynn F Mahoney P Phillips A 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2008,7(4):263-9; discussion 270-1
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products has recently completed the consultation of a draft guidance on how to implement conditional approval. This route of application is available for orphan drugs, emergency situations and serious debilitating or life-threatening diseases. Although there has been limited experience in implementing conditional approval to date, PSI (Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry) sponsored a meeting of pharmaceutical statisticians with an interest in the area to discuss potential issues. This article outlines the issues raised and resulting discussions, based on the group's interpretation of the legislation. Conditional approval seems to fit well with the accepted regulatory strategy in HIV. In oncology, conditional approval may be most likely when (a) compelling phase II data are available using accepted clinical outcomes (e.g. progression/recurrence-free survival or overall survival) and Phase III has been planned or started, or (b) when data are available using a surrogate endpoint for clinical outcome (e.g. response rate or biochemical measures) from a single-arm study in rare tumours with high response, compared with historical data. The use of interim analyses in Phase III for supporting conditional approval raises some challenging issues regarding dissemination of information, maintenance of blinding, potential introduction of bias, ethics, switching, etc. 相似文献
224.
LaVela SL Johnson BW Miskevics S Weaver FM 《Journal of gerontological social work》2012,55(2):160-174
A multicomponent support services program was implemented for veterans aging with disabilities and their informal caregivers (n = 42 dyads). Caregiver outcomes (satisfaction, physical and mental health status, burden, and benefits) were evaluated before and after program use. Caregivers reported significant improvements in mental health post-program. Caregivers who provided care to individuals with impaired physical health experienced meaningful improvements in burden after the support services were rendered. Supporting caregiver health status through such programs is vital to preserve noninstitutional long-term care for persons aging with disabilities, particularly when care is provided over many years to an individual with physical impairments. 相似文献
225.
The Treaty of Waitangi is widely recognized as the foundingdocument of New Zealand. While the Treaty has constitutionaland legal status, its meaning and application in contemporaryNew Zealand society is the source of great debate. This paperunmasks the increasingly dominant and problem-saturated narrativeof Treaty Fatigue circulating in public discourses in New Zealandand proposes an alternate inspiring narrative of Treaty Hope.In so doing, the paper examines the application and relevanceof narrative ideas and practices in forging a preference forTreaty Hope and in fostering Treaty-based policies and practicesin the work of government, and considers how community developmentpractitioners in post-colonial settings may engage with NewZealand's experience. 相似文献
226.
227.
Teresa A. Summers Frances C. Lawrence Janice L. Haynes Patricia J. Wozniak 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》1990,11(4):397-409
Consumer discount store patronage preferences for apparel are investigated using the concept of perceived risk. Apparel items are assigned a type and level of risk: low social, low economic; high social, low economic; and high social, high economic. Females (N=222) responding to a mail survey rate their willingness to purchase each item in a discount store on a scale ofprefer to buy, may buy, ornever buy. Results suggest that consumer preference for purchasing in discount stores declines more sharply when economic risk increases than when social risk increases.Teresa A. Summers is Associate Professor of the School of Human Ecology, Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. She received her Ph.D. from Texas Woman's University. Her research interest includes rural/urban consumer responses to changes in the marketplace.Frances C. Lawrence is Professor of the School of Human Ecology, Family, Child, and Consumer Sciences at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. She received her Ph.D. from Florida State University. Her research interests include family financial decision-making and family time use.Janice L. Haynes is Assistant Professor of the School of Human Ecology, Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. She received her Ph.D. from Texas Woman's University. Her research interest includes retail patronage of specialized consumer market segments.Patricia J. Wozniak is Associate Professor of the Department of Experimental Statistics at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Her research interests include survey methodology and rural families. 相似文献
228.
In this article, the authors discuss program evaluation of intervention studies when the outcome of interest is collected routinely at equally spaced intervals of time. They illustrate concepts using data from the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study, where the outcome is state per capita tobacco consumption. States differ widely in mean tobacco consumption, and these differences should be accounted for in the analysis. A large difference in the variance of the intervention effect may be obtained depending on whether the variation in the between-state effects are considered. The confidence limits obtained by ignoring between-state effects are too optimistic in many cases. 相似文献
229.
230.