What really happened? Incidence and factor assessment of abused children and adolescents

Abuse of children and adolescents is a societal problem. If health-care providers are to intervene adequately in abuse, they must identify the occurrence, elicit all pertinent information surrounding the abuse and the patient's response, and integrate pertinent abuse issues in the overall treatment plan for the patient. This study has conclusively demonstrated the failure of health-care providers to assess and plan treatment based on the comprehensive documentation of sexual and physical abuse factors. Findings clearly indicate a need for education of health-care providers in the development of comprehensive and integrated treatment plans for abused psychiatric patients based on documentation of all factors related to trauma learning and replay. Service agencies must be willing to implement in-service programs that provide nurses and other health-care providers with the cognitive and affective knowledge and skills necessary to feel comfortable in the management of abuse issues.     

How race affects dismissals of college football coaches

We employ a discretetime hazard model and a Blinder-decomposition approach to explore the possibility of racial discrimination in the dismissal and retention of college football coaches by university administrations. A rich data set consisting of 81 institutions over an 11-year period (1990–2000) that contains, in addition to a coach's race, variables on cumulative winning records, annual on-the-field improvements, and pre-/post-season game participation by institutions and their coaches is employed. Our study finds that black coaches, on average, face a dismissal probability that is 9.6 percentage points below that of their nonblack counterparts, ceteris paribus, suggesting that black head coaches may be the beneficiaries of favorable treatment by university administrators. Such a result likely stems from universities ' approach to social concerns involving race and gender issues. This finding also fits a construct that considers workplace discrimination as multi-dimensional. For example, black representation in the college football coaching ranks may be disproportionately low, possibly as a result of discrimination. However, once hired, black coaches are given more time to succeed than nonblacks, other things constant.     

Renyi's entropy for residual lifetime distribution

In the present paper, we introduce and study Renyi's information measure (entropy) for residual lifetime distributions. It is shown that the proposed measure uniquely determines the distribution. We present characterizations for some lifetime models. Further, we define two new classes of life distributions based on this measure. Various properties of these classes are also given.     

Review Essay: Power and Culture in Organizations: Two Contrasting Views

Sociological Forum -     

Evaluation of trace evidence in the form of multivariate data

Summary.  The evaluation of measurements on characteristics of trace evidence found at a crime scene and on a suspect is an important part of forensic science. Five methods of assessment for the value of the evidence for multivariate data are described. Two are based on significance tests and three on the evaluation of likelihood ratios. The likelihood ratio which compares the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming a common source for the crime scene and suspect evidence with the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming different sources for the crime scene and suspect evidence is a well-documented measure of the value of the evidence. One of the likelihood ratio approaches transforms the data to a univariate projection based on the first principal component. The other two versions of the likelihood ratio for multivariate data account for correlation among the variables and for two levels of variation: that between sources and that within sources. One version assumes that between-source variability is modelled by a multivariate normal distribution; the other version models the variability with a multivariate kernel density estimate. Results are compared from the analysis of measurements on the elemental composition of glass.     

Presidential Address on ALTRUISM AND SOCIOLOGY

This article concerns the study of altruism. Highlights of the research history of altruism in sociobiology, psychological social-psychology, and sociology are reviewed. Examples from the author's work on kidney and bone-marrow donation are interwoven with this history. The sociological mechanisms producing altruism, particularly normative obligation, are emphasized along with the psychological mechanisms (e.g., empathy). The need for better integration across subareas in sociology is discussed. In addition, it is concluded that some scientific work significantly trivializes altruism.     

DETECT

DETECT is an inexpensive, easy to use, general-purpose, Monte Carlo simulation program for IBM and compatible personal computers. It can be used to quickly analyze fault trees or functions of random variables. DETECT provides a wide variety of input distributions to choose from and a dependency (correlation) option. The result of the analysis is a probability distribution over the variable of interest. We look forward to further improvements (e.g., graphics, full-screen editing, ability to inspect intermediate results) that will make DETECT even more useful and attractive.