Two Faces of Self and Emotion in Symbolic Interactionism: From Process to Structure and Culture—And Back

During the heyday of modernist sociology, two theories emerged within symbolic interaction, each attempting to refine and extend aspects of Mead's framework: Affect Control Theory and Identity Theory. The similarities between these two different theories have led to confusion as well as speculation about their continuance as separate theories. We trace the development of both, contrast their foci and contributions, and outline paradigmatic changes that may reconcile some differences. In addition, we highlight the growing potential for interface with processual symbolic interactionist work, and the possible benefits for all such “faces” of the framework.     

The relation between children’s task‐specific competence and mothers’ controlling practices

In the guided learning domain of socialization, studies examining the antecedents of controlling parenting suggest that children’s lack of competence in a task could trigger controlling practices in that task. However, a stringent test of this relation remains to be conducted. This study examined this relation using a sample of 101 children (M_age = 10.21 years) and their mothers, a standardized measure of children’s competence in a task that was unfamiliar to the participants, and multi‐informant observational measures of maternal controlling practices during a mother–child interaction involving that task (rated by an independent coder and the children). Path analyses showed that children’s initial lack of competence in a task was related to higher levels of coded maternal controlling practices during a subsequent mother–child interaction involving that task, which in turn were positively linked to children’s perceptions of their mothers’ practices as controlling. A bootstrap analysis also confirmed that the indirect link from children’s competence to perceived maternal controlling practices through coded maternal controlling practices was significant. These effects were observed while controlling for mothers’ self‐reported controlling parenting style and perceptions of their children’s academic skills. Implications of these findings for the promotion of optimal parenting and future research directions are discussed.     

SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE BOARDROOM

This paper provides evidence that social networks strongly affect board composition and are detrimental to corporate governance. Our empirical investigation relies on a large data set of executives and outside directors of French public firms. This data source is a matched employer–employee data set that provides detailed information on directors/CEOs as well as information about the firm employing them. We find a strong and robust correlation between the CEO's network and that of his directors. Networks of former high‐ranking civil servants are the most active in shaping board composition. Our identification strategy takes into account not only firm and directors’ fixed effects but also the matching of firms and director in terms of one observable and one unobservable characteristic. Turning to the direct effects of such network activity, we find that firms in which these networks are most active pay their CEOs more, are less likely to replace a CEO who underperforms, and engage in less value‐creating acquisitions. These findings suggest that social networks are active in the boardroom and have detrimental effects on firms’ governance.     

Joint modeling of censored longitudinal and event time data

Censoring of a longitudinal outcome often occurs when data are collected in a biomedical study and where the interest is in the survival and or longitudinal experiences of a study population. In the setting considered herein, we encountered upper and lower censored data as the result of restrictions imposed on measurements from a kinetic model producing “biologically implausible” kidney clearances. The goal of this paper is to outline the use of a joint model to determine the association between a censored longitudinal outcome and a time to event endpoint. This paper extends Guo and Carlin's [6] paper to accommodate censored longitudinal data, in a commercially available software platform, by linking a mixed effects Tobit model to a suitable parametric survival distribution. Our simulation results showed that our joint Tobit model outperforms a joint model made up of the more naïve or “fill-in” method for the longitudinal component. In this case, the upper and/or lower limits of censoring are replaced by the limit of detection. We illustrated the use of this approach with example data from the hemodialysis (HEMO) study [3] and examined the association between doubly censored kidney clearance values and survival.     

Cultivating an Australian Sentiment: John Christian Watson's Narrative of White Nationalism

Contemporary observers and historians have interpreted Australia's first Labor Prime Minister, John Christian Watson, as an ideal leader for Labor's early participation in nation-building following the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. Little attention has been paid to the values Watson brought to Labor's participation in nation-building. Race, defence and the ‘cultivation of an Australian sentiment’ formed the recurring themes of Watson's national narrative. Compelled by a need to fix an identity from the peripheral territories of empire as a British subject and the leader of white Australians in a nation, as he claimed, that ‘we have made our own’, Watson's narrative provides insights into the anxieties of racialised white identity in the federation period—an identity tested by conflicting class and national loyalties.     

Sex Differences in Biomechanics Associated with Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis of the knee is seen more frequently in females than males. However, few studies have examined the interplay of gender, gait mechanics, pain, and disability in persons with osteoarthritis. This study examines the influence of anthropometrics, radiographic disease severity, pain, and disability on gender differences in gait mechanics in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Gait mechanics for 26 men and 30 women were collected using 3-D kinematics and kinetics. Women had a significantly lower knee adduction moment than men and a significantly higher stride frequency. Within female subjects, variations in gait mechanics were primarily explained by weight, BMI, pain, and disability. In males, variations in gait mechanics were primarily explained by age and disability.