制造商竞争环境下基于产品生命周期的闭环供应链的定价和生产策略研究

研究制造商竞争环境下基于产品生命周期的闭环供应链的定价和生产策略:产品第一个生命周期中,只有一个制造商利用原材料生产新制造产品,从第二个周期开始制造商生产新品的同时进行回收再制造、并且出现替代品生产商的竞争。建立两周期双寡头垄断的闭环供应链定价和生产优化模型,得到最优策略,然后将其扩展到多周期和无限周期的情况。结果表明:两周期中制造商应根据再制造成本节约的大小而采取不同的定价和生产策略;多周期中,除第一和最后一个周期外,制造商应采取相同的策略;无限周期中,制造商应在出现竞争后一直采用相同策略。三种情况下,制造商都应在第一周期中低价销售产品来保证第二周期中能回收更多的产品用于再制造以取得低成本的竞争优势;而且随着再制造产品成本节约的增大,制造商旳利润和销售量增大,并且竞争者的利润和销售量减小。算例验证了上述结论。     

初中生英语学习焦虑影响英语学业成绩的分析

采用英语自我效能问卷、英语学习焦虑问卷,测量研究213名初中生英语自我效能、英语学习焦虑与英语学业成绩之间的关系。结果表明:(1)初中女生英语学习焦虑显著低于男生;(2)初中生英语自我效能是英语学习焦虑影响英语学业成绩的中介变量。研究证明田宝、郭德俊(2004)[10]的研究结论也存在于初中英语学科中。     

加强研究生思想政治教育势在必行

进一步加强和改进研究生思想政治教育,对于全面实施科教兴国和人才强国战略,确保中国特色社会主义事业兴旺发达,后继有人,具有重大而深远的战略意义。文章通过发放问卷调查,分析研究研究生基本状况及存在的主要问题,提出新时期必须高度重视和切实加强研究生思想政治教育工作。     

清“三藩之乱”期间朝鲜对清朝情报的搜集

朝鲜在清朝"三藩之乱"期间对清朝进行了广泛的情报搜集工作,其主要的搜集渠道有三条,即:"燕行使"的情报搜集、义州方面的情报搜集以及自日本对马藩获取清朝情报等。由于受到各种主、客观因素的干扰,朝鲜所获取的部分情报有"失真"的现象,但这些情报依然有着不容低估的价值,因为它们是朝鲜此时制定对清政策的重要依据。     

《尚书》句读一则

本文对今文《尚书·微子》中一则句读的传统解释,提出不同见解,以充分的证据论证了“狂”字当作“往”,使文义豁然开朗。本文同时也解释了古文《尚书》同句的内容。     

Secularism as a Barrier to Integration? The French Dilemma

This article focuses on the secularism debate currently taking place in France by examining how this issue impacts the integration of immigrants, particularly Muslim immigrants. Secularism is one of the key values of French Republicanism, but one which has been challenged by the establishment of a settled population of Muslim immigrants in France. The issue has been particularly highlighted by the affaire des foulards (headscarf affair), an ongoing debate over the rights of Muslim girls to wear a headscarf to secular French schools. Discussions of the principle of secularism and of its application have been even more intense in recent months with the publication in December 2003 of a report by the Stasi Commission, a commission set up by President Chirac to investigate the application of the principle of secularism, and by the passage of legislation intended to outlaw the wearing of any “overt” religious insignia in French schools. This article examines these recent developments in the context of the long‐running debate over Muslim women's right to wear a headscarf in French schools. It argues that the current focus on secularism provides evidence of the return of assimilation as a primary objective of public policy (Brubaker, 2001) and the decreasing strength of the movement in favour of the droit à la différence (right to difference). Finally, the paper argues that this has provided important obstacles to the integration of certain groups of immigrants, particularly Muslim immigrants.     

Economic considerations in family growth decisions

Abstract Examination of the fertility patterns of a sample of white Detroit couples at selected stages of the family life cycle indicates that, in a large American metropolis, family income is more closely related to the time when a family is formed and has its children than to the number of children it expects to have. In a longitudinal study, current income is strongly related to the timing of demographic events-the age at marriage, whether pre-maritally pregnant, the time interval from marriage to a given parity, and fertility during a two-year follow-up period. This paper also explores the hypothesis that a family's evaluation of its economic position and the choices it makes about important family expenditures has a relation to fertility apart from the family's objective current income level. Couples who consider their income adequate for their needs or relatively greater than that of their friends or peers, and those who expect substantial increases in the future, tend to expect more children than those who do not. Small but consistent differences obtain over the parities studied. Variables indexing alternative family expenditure patterns, such as cars, or savings for college education for children, are associated with lower family size expectations and longer spacing patterns.     

Designing home care benefits: the range of options and experience

This article presents a framework identifying important home care benefit design decisions and reviews existing designs that have been adopted in practice. Four basic designs were identified, based on a review of 55 home care benefits drawn from public programs in the United States and foreign countries, and from private long-term care insurance policies in the United States. Three of these designs-service entitlements, managed-service benefits, and cash disability allowances--have each been adopted by public programs in the United States and abroad, and by private insurance policies in the United States. A fourth design--individualized cash benefits--has been adopted in only one experimental program. The designs observed in practice are remarkably varied, providing evidence that many alternative designs are feasible. Experimentation, particularly with cash disability allowances, is needed to determine the relative costs and benefits of various designs.