Review and Analysis of the Benefits,Purposes, and Motivations Associated with Community Gardening in the United States

Community gardens have been a part of modern American culture since the late 19th century. Participation in community gardening has ebbed and flowed in response to changing socioeconomic conditions, and thus the current economic recession has reheightened public interest. In a review of the scholarly literature from 1999 to 2010, rigorous quantitative research studies on the effects of community gardens are found to be sparse; however, a larger body of qualitative data is available. Eleven themes related to the purposes, benefits of, and motivations for participating in community gardens are identified. Community gardens can serve as an effective tool for community-based practitioners in carrying out their roles within the arenas of organizing, development, and change.     

Analysing the Gendered Insecurities of Migration

This article examines the experiences of female migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa aiming to reach Europe via Morocco. The article argues that European immigration policies and policies of co-operation with neighbouring countries on the other side of the Mediterranean, have increased the sources of insecurity for migrants attempting to reach Europe, and shows how these insecurities are gendered.     

Intergenerational relations and reproductive behavior in Taiwan

The character of intergenerational relationships between parents and their adult unmarried children in Taiwan is consistently and systematically related to the later reproductive behavior of the children after they marry. The greater the extent to which the adult unmarried children are exposed to nonfamilial relationships and contexts in school, at work, in the use of wages, in marriage decisions, and in first place of residence after marriage, the fewer children they will have and want and the greater the likelihood that they will begin contraception for spacing rather than for limiting their number. These relationships are consistent with theories about the transformation of familial relationships and reproductive patterns in the course of development.     

Income and fertility: The elusive relationship

This paper uses longitudinal data for 1962–1977 to examine the relationship of husband’s income to 1962 expected fertility, to final parity, and to the discrepancy between initial expectations and final parity, separately for four groups of women who in 1962 either had just given birth to a first, second, or fourth child or had just been married. Although economic reasons frequently were cited in 1977 for downward revisions in family size goals, husband’s income was not positively related to fertility in three of the four parity groups. For the merged sample, excluding women with unwanted births, husband’s income showed a small positive relationship to completed fertility.     

The changing American family

This Bulletin documents recent changes in American family patterns resulting both from longterm trends in urbanization, industrialization, and economic growth and the disruption of the Great Depression and World War 2, as well as changed attitudes toward marriage, parenthood, divorce, and the roles of women. Following a postwar boom in the 1950s and 1960s, marriage rates have now fallen to levels observed in the early 20th century. Since 1970, the number of unmarried couples living together has more than tripled to 1.9 million in 1983. The divorce rate has now stabilized after more than doubling since 1960, but at the current level, 1/2 of all recent marriages will end in divorce. Most divorced persons remarry fairly quickly, often creating complex families of "step-relatives." With 19% of households with minor children now headed by a women with no husband present, up to 1/2 of all children will live for sometime in a fatherless family before age 18. Over 1/2 of all married women, including 49% of married mothers of preschool children, now hold a paid job outside the home. Working wives boost a family's income by an average 40% but still are expected to shoulder most responsiblility for home and childcare. White women now in their 20s say they expect to have an average of 2 children, but are delaying childbearing to such an extent that 29% could end up childless. Most of the elderly live on their own but usually near children whom they see frequently. Despite changes in traditional family patterns, Americans consistently report that a happy marriage and good family are the most important aspects of life. And though most Americans now live with few or no family members, they maintain active contact with a large network of family.     

基于差异化战略的城市文化定位选择——以云阳县为例

实施差异化战略是有效促进城市文化发展的重要途径。在对云阳城市文化背景和存在问题分析的基础上,将其放在空间环境中,与周边其他区县进行差异化比较,寻找云阳的城市文化特色。在比较的基础上,得出张飞文化和移民文化是云阳具有比较优势的文化形式,以此作为其城市文化定位的基础,能够有效提升城市形象的结论。     

虚拟企业:企业在全球竞争环境下的一种强有力竞争策略

虚拟企业(theVirtualEnterprise,VE)的应用是企业在全球竞争环境下的一种策略。本文首先综括了虚拟企业的效应;其次提出了虚拟企业的四阶段生命周期:设计、组建、运作和总结;然后依次探讨了虚拟企业的设计、组建、和管理问题     

1949-1999年回族研究的回顾与思考

文章认为,建国50年来特别是改革开放以来的回族研究,无论是论文的发表,著作的出版,资料的搜集整理,研究机构的建立和队伍的建设,都是前所未有的,可谓硕果累累.同时,文章也指出,要使回族研究不断创新,得到稳定持续的发展,还有不少工作需要我们去做.     

直线型再制造供应链决策结构的效率分析

将直线型再制造供应链分为5种不同的决策结构,研究了该供应链在不同决策结构下的收益以及与集成式"超组织"结构相比的效率损失.结果表明:回收物品的潜在期望收益是回收行为的驱动因素;销售商对生产商批发价的决定权越大,该决策结构就越有效,效率损失也越小;收益分享是实现逆供应链成员"双赢"目的的有效策略.